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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
tion to the sugarcane, rice, and the mulberry. This great Arabian people also taught Europe to make Chinese paper of pulped liber. It seems a pity that these gentlemen should be worsted by those gloomy tyrants, the Pedros and Philips, and that the liberality and civilization of Cordova should be superseded by the bigotry of Dominic. About the close of the seventeenth century, Augsburg became famous for the manufacture of its printed cottons and linens. About the same time, that is, in 1696, calico-printing was introduced into England from France, by one of the French victims of the revolution of the Edict of Nantes. He established works on the Thames, near Richmond. This villainous act of Louis XIV. inured to the benefit of other nations, especially England, who gave an asylum to many industrious artificers and artists. About twenty-five years afterwards, the linen, silk, and woolen manufacturers obtained a law against the use of printed cotton goods, either imported or ho
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
ater which is ejected from its reservoir by the pressure of the gas, or by the play of the pump-brakes. In connection with this subject it may be stated that the rate of insurance by land and sea among the Hindoos was left to the custom of the trade, according to the risk.—Institutes of Menu A. D. 880. Nicholson states that fire-insurance offices were first introduced under the reign of the Emperor Claudius. The Hand in hand Fire Insurance Company was the first established in London, 1696. The Sun Fire Insurance Company was established in 1700. Marine insurance had long been common in Venice. The Amicable Life Insurance Company of London was chartered in 1706. Fire-insurance offices established in Paris, 1745. American steam fire-engine. Fire-es-cape′. Fire-escapes are divided into three classes:— Ladders. Portable escapes. Carriage-escapes. 1. Fire-ladders are made of several lengths, to reach second, third, or fourth story windows, and are mounted<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
nna, Puteoli, Caprea, Rhodes, Dover, the Thracian Bosphorus. The light in each was obtained by fires. During the Saxon rule in England, beacons were erected to direct navigation, and persons were appointed to keep them in order. The expense was defrayed by the county. Pitch boxes were made use of in the reign of Edward III. Lighthouses. The Eddystone lighthouse (b) is erected upon a rock of that name ten miles from shore, off Plymouth, England. A lighthouse was built on the spot, 1696-99, by Winstanley, who perished with it in a storm, November 27, 1703. Rebuilt of wood in a different form by Rudyard, 1706, and burnt 1755. Rebuilt by Smcaton of dovetailed and metal-bound granite blocks, 1757. The surface of the rock was irregular and inclined. It was cut into steps, the risers of which were notched so as to form dovetailed mortises for the similarly shaped blocks of the stones in the course which interlocked with it. Each block had a level bearing, and the outside pi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
n inch in diameter. Having made and polished his lens, he placed it against a small hole in a thin piece of metal and fixed it with wax. Leuwenhoeck's microscopes, 26 in number, which he presented to the Royal Society, have each a doubleconvex lens. Their powers were from 40 to 160. Comes Mr. Reeve, with a microscope and a scotoscope. For the first I did give him £ 5 10 s., a great price, but a most curious bawble it is. — Pepys's Diary, 1664. Stephen Gray's poor-man's microscope, 1696, was merely a drop of water suspended at the end of a wire or pin. A piece of perforated cardboard or sheet-metal affords a better means of holding the drop of water, whose rounded surfaces give it the properties of a lens. By fusing in the flame of a spirit-lamp a small piece of glass contained within a ring of platinumwire, a lens may be formed. A piece of the wire should project, so as to form a handle. Plate-glass is the material commonly used for microscopic lenses. Flint-glass,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
dal paddles. B. On vertical shaft. 2. Hydraulic propeller. 3. Screw-propeller. 4. Rope-traction. 5. Spike-wheel. 6. Pole-propeller. 7. Rack and pinion propeller. 8. Wave-power propulsion. 9. Oars. 10. Sails. The boats by which the Roman army under Claudius Codex were transported into Sicily were propelled by wheels moved by oxen. The substitution of paddles for oars is mentioned in many old military treatises. Thomas Savery, in England, obtained a patent, in 1696, for a paddle-wheel on each side of a ship, to be turned by means of a capstan. In the Vitruvia de Architectura, folio, Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles worked by animal power. A pen-and-ink sketch on an Italian manuscript of the fifteenth century, preserved in the British Museum, shows a vessel propelled by a pair of paddle-wheels on a shaft rotated by gearing and hand-power. From 1619 to 1662, six patents were granted in England for devices purpo
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
d is opened, permitting the tallow to flow on to the part to be lubricated, the steam-opening in the valvestem being closed by means of the screw-threaded rod e. f is the steam-escape opening. Tal′ly. A notched stick employed as a means of keeping accounts. Tally-sticks were used in ancient Egypt; one is in the Abbott Museum, New York. They were also employed by the Athenians. In England they were long issued in lieu of certificates of indebtedness to creditors of the state. In 1696, according to Adam Smith, this species of security was at 40 to 60 per cent discount, and bank-notes 20 per cent. Besides accounts, other records were formerly kept upon notched sticks, as almanacs, in which red-letter days were signified by a large notch, ordinary days by small notches, etc. Such were formerly common in most European countries. The Runic Clog-Almanack and the Saxon Reive Pope are of this class, and yet exist in Sweden, and in Staffordshire, England. Somewhat similar w
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
dress-stuffs is mentioned by Pliny, who ascribes the invention to King Attalus; but it was practiced in Egypt and in Oriental countries before the era of that monarch. Gold wire is found attached to rings bearing the date of Osirtasen 1., 1740-1696 B. c. In ancient times, and, indeed, during the Middle Ages, gold and silver were almost, if not the only, metals which were formed into wire. In the reign of Elizabeth, iron and brass wire were both manufactured and imported into England. Coor wire-rope suspended from posts, and forming a way upon which loaded carriages traverse for the conveyance of freight. This mode of transportation was described and represented in a work written by Mandey and Moxon, and published in London in 1696. Hodgson's wire-tramway, lately introduced into England, is substantially similar to the elevated railways which were patented in England in 1825 by Palmer, Fisher, and Dick. See elevated Railway. An endless wire-rope is carried on a serie