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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Election bill, federal. (search)
Election bill, federal. During the discussion on the Federal Election Bill, the Hon. Thomas Brackett Reed, Speaker of the House of Representatives (q. v.), wrote as follows: The national election bill of 1890, as was pointed out several times during the discussion which it aroused, both in and out of Congress, is a long bill. Yet if any one will take the trouble to compare it with the general election laws of most, if not all, of the States, he will find that in its class it is more conspicuous for brevity than for length. The truth is that no election law which attempts to provide accurately for all the different stages of an election can be otherwise than long. At the same time, although it takes many paragraphs in a bill to state exactly how each act, great and small, having relation to an election shall be performed, it is perfectly easy to put into very few words the purpose of an election law and the methods by which it proposes to accomplish that purpose. The
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Farmers' Alliance, (search)
h and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. In 1889 a similar organization, which had been formed in 1877 in Illinois, and which had spread into neighboring States, was amalgamated with the Southern Alliance, and the name of Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union was adopted. The founders of the alliance held that the party was formed along political lines because the parties already existing failed to undertake to solve the problems covered by the demands of the alliance. In 1890 the alliance elected several governors, other State officers, and a few Congressmen. On May 19, 1891, delegates from the Farmers' Alliance, the Knights of Labor, and several other organizations met in a national convention in Cincinnati, adopted a platform, and formed a new political party under the name of the People's Party of the United States of America, which became contracted to Populist party. Another convention was held in St. Louis, Feb. 22, 1892, at which the Farmers' Alliance had
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Farming by electricity. (search)
growing, and to the air immediately above the surface of the soil. Spechneff, by applying the electric current to the seeds and afterwards to the soil, raised radishes 17 inches long and 5 1/2 inches in diameter. The colors of flowers were also intensified or changed according to the power and distance of the current, and the maturity of the plants was greatly hastened. The first attempts to experiment along the lines of Lemstrom in the United States were made at Cornell University about 1890. Agricultural scientists had long recognized the valuable part that atmospleric electricity played in the life of vegetable growths, but the artificial application of it had never before been attempted. In addition to the application of electricity to the seeds of the plants, and to the soil, the experimenters at Cornell used the arc light at night. The plants receiving the bright electric rays at night, and the sunshine in the day time, were found to grow much faster than those not thus
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Finances, United States. (search)
Finances, United States. Financial topics were uppermost in interest during the years immediately succeeding 1890. The demand for the free and unlimited coinage of silver increased in the Southern and Western portions of the country. Between as generally recognized as one cause of the disturbances, attention was called to the repeal of the silver purchase act of 1890, and President Cleveland summoned a special session of the Fifty-third Congress to consider the matter. Congress assembled by the President. After passing this act, which repealed the purchasing clause of what was known as the Sherman bill of 1890, Congress adjourned. The actual condition of the national treasury on Jan. 12, 1894, was thus set forth in a letter or dollars and bullion, $8,092,287; fractional silver coin, $12,133,903; United States notes, $5,031,327; treasury notes of 1890, $2,476,000; national bank notes, $14,026,735; minor coin, $988,625; deposits in banks, $15,470,863; total cash assets, $1
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fisk, Clinton Bowen 1828-1890 (search)
Fisk, Clinton Bowen 1828-1890 Lawyer; born in Griggsville, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1828; removed with his parents to Michigan while a child, where he became a successful merchant; removed to St. Louis in 1859. In 1861 he was commissioned colonel of the 33d Missouri Regiment; in 1862 was promoted brigadier-general; and in 1865 was brevetted major-general. He was deeply interested in educational and temperance reform; was a founder of Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.; and was the Prohibition candidate for governor of New Jersey in 1886, and for President of the United States in 1888. He died in New York City, July 9, 1890.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Florida, (search)
constitution was ratified by the people in May, 1868, and, after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the national Constitution, on June 14, Florida was recognized as a reorganized State of the Union. The government was transferred to the State officers on July 4. In 1899 the assessed (full cash value) valuation of taxable property was $93,527,353, and in 1900 the total bonded debt was $1,275,000, of which all excepting $322,500 was held in various. State funds. The population in 1890 was 391,422; in 1900, 528,542. Don Tristan de Luna sailed from Vera Cruz, Mexico, Aug. 14, 1559, with 1,500 soldiers, many zealous friars who wished to convert the heathen, and many women and children, families of the soldiers. He landed near the site of Pensacola, and a week afterwards a terrible storm destroyed all his vessels and strewed the shores with their fragments. He sent an exploring party into the interior. They travelled forty days through a barren and almost uninhabited cou
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fremont, John Charles 1813-1890 (search)
Fremont, John Charles 1813-1890 Explorer; born in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813; graduated at Charleston College in 1830. His father was a Frenchman, and his mother a Virginian. He was instructor in mathematics in the United States navy from 1833 to 1835. Engaged in surveying the Cherokee country in the winter of 1837-38, he began his famous explorations, first in the country between the Missouri River and the British possessions. He had been appointed second lieutenant of topographical engineers in July. In 1841 he married a daughter of Senator Thomas H. Benton, and in May, 1842, he began, under the authority of the government, the exploration of an overland route to the Pacific Ocean. He ascended the highest peak of the Wind River Mountains, which was afterwards named Fremont's Peak. He explored the Great Salt Lake region in 1843, and penetrated to the Pacific near the mouth of the Columbia River. In 1845 he explored the Sierra Nevada in California, and in 1846 became inv
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Funston, Frederick 1865- (search)
Funston, Frederick 1865- Military officer; born in Ohio, Nov. 9, 1865; attended the Kansas State University, but did not graduate; became a newspaper reporter in Kansas City in 1890; botanist of the United States Death Valley Expedition in 1891; and special commissioner of the Department of Agriculture to explore Alaska, with a view of reporting on its flora, 1893-94; joined the Cubans in 1896 and served in their army for a year and a half. At the beginning of the war with Spain he was commissioned colonel of the 20th Kansas Volunteers, which he accompanied to the Philippines, where he subsequently made an exceptionally brilliant record. On March 31, 1899, he was the first man to enter Malolos, the Filipino insurgents' capital. On May 2, 1899, President McKinley promoted him to brigadiergeneral in the newly organized volunteer service, on the recommendation of Frederick Funston. Generals Otis and MacArthur, for signal skill and gallantry in swimming across the Rio Grande at
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fur-trade. (search)
Through the bad faith of a business partner in 1813, that establishment was sold for a nominal sum and placed under British control. After that Mr. Astor carried on his operations in the region of the Rocky Mountains, with his chief post at Mackinaw. Alaska, acquired in 1867 by purchase, opened a new field for the American fur-trade. The furs from that region are mainly those of the fur-seal; there are also those of the beaver, ermine, fox, otter, marten, and other animals. From 1870 to 1890 the monopoly of the trade was in the hands of the Alaska Commercial Company of San Francisco, Cal. In the latter year the government granted the right of taking fur-seals to the North American Commercial Company for a yearly rental of $60,000 and $7.62 1/2 for each seal-skin. Canadian sealing-vessels were, for several years, illegally engaged in the indiscriminate slaughter of the seals, threatening their extinction. In 1889 some of these vessels were seized by United States revenue cutte
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Galveston, (search)
Galveston, City, seaport, and commercial metropolis of Texas: on an island of the same name. It was settled in 1837; captured by National forces in 1862; retaken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 1900, which caused a loss of 7,000 lives and property valued at $30,000,000. The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 1900, 37,789. In the early part of the Civil War attempts were made to repossess important posts in Texas, especially Galveston. On May 17, 1862, Henry Eagle, in command of war-vessels in front of Galveston, demanded its surrender, under a threat of an attack from a large land and naval force that would soon appear. When those forces appear, said the authorities, we shall reply. So matters remained until Oct. 8, when Galveston was formally surrendered by its civil authorities to Commodore Renshaw, of the National navy. To hold the city more securely, a Massachusetts regiment, unde
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