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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Anti-Expansionists, (search)
Anti-Expansionists, An old phrase in American political history which was resurrected during the Presidential campaign of 1900, and applied to those who were opposed to the extension of American territory which had been brought about during the first administration of President McKinley, principally as a result of the war with Spain in 1898. The administration was charged not only by its Democratic opponents, but by many able men in the Republican party, with expansionist or imperialist tendencies considered foreign to the national policy of the country. While those who opposed the territorial expansion which had been accomplished, anti also was pending, in the matter of the future of the Philippine Islands, were not sufficiently strong to organize an independent political party, the large number of them within and without the Republican party created a sharp complication in the Presidential campaign. The position of the two great parties on this issue is shown in the followin
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Apache Indians, (search)
ided into many roving bands, they resisted all attempts by the Spanish to civilize and Christianize them, but constantly attacked these europeans. So early as 1762, it was estimated that the Apaches had desolated and depopulated 174 mining towns, stations, and missions in the province of Sonora alone. For fifty years a bold chief — Mangas Colorado — led powerful bands to war; and since the annexation of their territory to the United States, they have given its government more trouble than any of the Western Indians. Colorado was killed in 1863. Though fierce in war, they never scalp or torture their enemies. A Great Spirit is the central figure in their simple system of theology, and they reverence as sacred certain animals, especially a pure white bird. In 1900 the members of the tribe in the United States were classified as Coyotera, Jicarilla, Mescalero, San Carlos, Tonto, and White Mountain Apaches, and were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. They numbered 6,
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Appropriations by Congress. (search)
ects for which the appropriations are made: Deficiencies.Forts and fortifications. Legislative, executive, and judicial.Military Academy. Post office Department. Sundry civil.Pensions. Army.Consular and Diplomatic. Navy.Agricultural Department. Indian.District of Columbia. River and harbor.Miscellaneous. The accompanying table will show that the total amount of appropriation increases with each Congress. appropriations by Congress, 1894-1901.  1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901. Deficiencies$21,226,495$9,450,820$8,519,981$13,900,106$8,594,447.64$347,165,001.82$46,882,724.75$13,767,008.75 Legislative, Executive, and Judicial21,866,30321,343,97721,885,81821,519,75121,690,766.9021,625,846.6523,394,051.8624,175,652.53 Sundry Civil27,550,15825,856,43235,096,04529,812,11334,344,970.4733,997,752.7039,381,733.8649,594,309.70 Support of the Army24,225,64023,592,88523,252,60823,278,40323,129,344.3023,193,392.0080,430,204.06114,220,095.55 Naval Service22,104,06125,36
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arbitration, international Court of, (search)
ontending parties, who shall finally decide the matter at issue and close the arbitration proceedings. The concluding clauses relate to the revision of proceedings in the case of the discovery of a new fact, and provide that each power shall bear its own expenses and agreed share of the cost of the tribunal without reference to the penalties imposed. The Senate of the United States having ratified the arbitration treaty. President McKinley appointed the American members of the court in 1900 (see below). On Feb. 1, 1901, fifteen nations, embracing all the maritime powers, had appointed their members. The official roster then was as follows: Austria-Hungary. His Excellency Count Frederic Schonborn, Ll.D., president of the Imperial Royal Court of Administrative Justice, former Austrian Minister of Justice, member of the House of Lords of the Austrian Parliament, etc. His Excellency Mr. D. de Szilagyi, ex-Minister of Justice, member of the House of Deputies of the Hun
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arctic exploration. (search)
mericans are those of Lieut. (now Brig.-Gen.) Adolphus W. Greely and of Lieut. Robert E. Peary (qq. v.), who has made several voyages into northern waters, and in 1900 was still there. Lieutenant Greely was sent from the United States in 1881, by the government, charged with establishing a series of stations about the pole for tte plans gave up the venture. On July 12, 1897, however, he embarked again on his enterprise, all conditions being favorable for his success; but up to the end of 1900 nothing reliable had been heard of the expedition, and it was generally believed that the bold voyager had been lost. In 1889-1900 the Duke of Abruzzi reached late up the venture. On July 12, 1897, however, he embarked again on his enterprise, all conditions being favorable for his success; but up to the end of 1900 nothing reliable had been heard of the expedition, and it was generally believed that the bold voyager had been lost. In 1889-1900 the Duke of Abruzzi reached lat, 86° 33′
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arizona, (search)
cipally seated on the Lower Colorado and Gila rivers. The Territory formed a part of Mexico until its purchase by the United States in 1850. It was organized into a Territory by act of Congress, Feb. 24, 1863, with its area described as comprising all the United States lands west of longitude 109° to the California line. Since then the northwest corner has been ceded to Nevada. It is a mountainous region, and some of the northern portion remains unexplored. Population in 1890, 59,691; in 1900, 122,212. To one of the pioneer explorers of the Arizona region the Zuni Indians gave the following account of their origin as preserved in their traditions. Their legend relates that in the beginning a race of men sprang up out of the earth, as plants arise and come forth in the spring. This race increased until they spread over the whole earth, and, after continuing through countless ages, passed away. The earth then remained without people a great length of time, until at length the
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arkansas, (search)
ature were elected, and in April a State government was organized. In 1867 military rule was established in Arkansas, which, with Mississippi, constituted a military district. A new constitution was framed by a convention at Little Rock, Jan. 7, 1868, and was ratified by a small majority in March. On June 22, Congress declared Arkansas entitled to representation in that body, and the administration of the government was transferred to the civil authority. Population in 1890, 1,125,385; in 1900, 1,311,564. Territorial Governors of Arkansas.  Term of Office. James Miller1819 to 1825 George Izard1825 to 1829 John Pope1829 to 1835 William S. Fulton1835 to 1836 State Governors of Arkansas. James S. Conway1836 to 1840 Archibald Yell1840 to 1844 Samuel Adams1844 Thomas S. Drew1844 to 1848 John S. Roane1848 to 1852 Elias N. Conway1852 to 1860 Henry M. Rector1860 to 1862 Harris Flanagin1862 to 1864 Isaac Murphy1864 to 1868 Powell Clayton1868 to 1871 Orzo H. Hadley1871 to
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Army War College. (search)
Army War College. A department of the United States military educational establishment, authorized by Congress in 1900, Brig.-Gen. William Ludlow being the chief of the board that drafted the regulations. The object is to unify the systems of instruction at the four existing service institutions; to develop these systems; and to give opportunity for the most advancedd professional study of military problems. The officers of the college exercise supervision over the course of study in each of the service schools, and over all civil institutions to which the government details an officer for military instruction. The faculty of the college study the military organizations of the United States, with regard to a complete understanding of its efficiency, and constitute an advisory board to which the Secretary of War can turn at any time for details and recommendations as to any point in the mechanism of the whole military service. Plans of campaigns are studied, and military inform
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Assiniboine Indians, (search)
Assiniboine Indians, A branch of the Dakota family, inhabiting each side of the boundary-line between the United States and British America in Montana and Manitoba. They were originally a part of the Yankton Sioux, but, after a bitter quarrel. they separated from the main body at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the two bands have ever remained hostile. The French discovered them as early as 1640. In 1871 the number of Assiniboines in the United States was estimated at 4.850, and in 1900 there were 1.316, nearly equally divided at the Fort Peck and Fort Belknap agencies in Montana.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Astoria, (search)
Astoria, A city in Oregon. at the mouth of the Columbia River, founded in 1810 by John Jacob Astor (q. v.) as a station for his fur-trade. It is the subject of a picturesque descriptive work entitled Astoria, by Washington Irving (1836). lrving never visited the station, but wrote from documents furnished by Astor. and from recollections of another Northwestern fur-trading post. In 1900 the population was 8,381. See Oregon.
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