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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Standards, National Bureau of (search)
Standards, National Bureau of A bureau organized under an act of Congress in 1901, and consisting of Dr. H. S. Pritchett, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dr. Ira Remsen, of Johns Hopkins University; Elihu Thomson, of Boston; Edwin L. Nichols, of Cornell University, and Albert L. Colby, of Pennsylvania. Under the law the bureau is to make all comparisons, calibrations, tests, or investigations for the government or for the State governments free of charge, but for others a fee is to be charged. Few of the States give any attention to the matter of standards, and the trouble everywhere is that every city and town has standards secured from private concerns.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Stock exchange, the New York (search)
Stock exchange, the New York Grew out of an informal organization by the Interior of New York's historic stock exchange (torn down in 1901). A Prairie stock-farm. stock-brokers, May 17, 1792, and was formally instituted in 1817. Its sessions were held in various rented rooms till 1827, when it occupied part of the first Merchants' exchange, then completed. This was burned, Dec. 16, 1835. It then removed to Jauncey Court (now 43 Wall Street) ; in 1842 to the new Merchants' Exchange,ssions were held in various rented rooms till 1827, when it occupied part of the first Merchants' exchange, then completed. This was burned, Dec. 16, 1835. It then removed to Jauncey Court (now 43 Wall Street) ; in 1842 to the new Merchants' Exchange, now the Custom-house; in 1854 to the Old Corn Exchange Bank building; in 1856 to Lord's Court in William Street, and in 1865 to its own fine building in Broad, near Wall Street, which was replaced in 1901 by a larger and more commodious building.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Strikes, (search)
t issuing two proclamations to the strikers. The railroads lost in property during this strike $700,000, and in earnings $5,000,000. The strikers lost in wages $2,000,000. Twelve persons were killed and nearly 700 arrested. Eugene V. Debs (q. v.), the leader of the American Railway Union, was arrested for refusing to obey an injunction, and imprisoned for six months. The strike was a total failure. President Cleveland appointed a commission to investigate the strike, and this commission blamed the railroads for the trouble, and advised Congress to pass a law providing for compulsory arbitration of all labor troubles. In more recent years State legislation against boycotting, blacklisting, and conspiracy, and the ruling of courts against strikers and their methods, have done much to lessen these industrial disturbances. The strike of the steel-workers in 1901 was to force a recognition of their union; there was no grievance on the scores of hours or wages. See labor, industrial.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Sub-Treasury, the (search)
ically the same as that of July 4, 1840, and has since remained in force with but little change. On Feb. 25, 1863, the act creating a system of national banks became a law. This authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to make specified depositories of the public moneys, except receipts from customs. The original sub-treasury acts provided for seven places of deposit-New York, Boston, Charleston, St. Louis, the mints at Philadelphia and St. Louis, and the treasury at Washington, the first four being under the control of assistant treasurers. The status of the sub-treasury system in 1901 is clearly defined in the prescribed duties of the treasurer of the United States—viz.: . . . is charged with the receipt and disbursement of all public moneys that may be deposited in the treasury at Washington, and the subtreasuries at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, and San Francisco, and in the national bank United States depositories ..
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Supreme Court, United States (search)
Supreme Court, United States In 1901 the highest judicial tribunal in the United States comprised the following justices: Chief-Justice.Born.Appointed. Melville W. Fuller, of Illinois18331888 Associate Justices. John M. Harland. Kentucky18331877 Horace Gray, Massachusetts18281881 David J. Brewer, Kansas18371889 Henry B. Brown, Michigan18361890 Associate Justices—Continued.Born.Appointed. George Shiras, Jr., Pennsylvania18321892 Edward D. White. Louisiana18451894 Rufus W. Peckham New York18371895 Joseph McKenna, California18431898 Reporter. J. C. Bancroft Davis, New York. Clerk. J. H. McKenney, District of Columbia. Marshal. John M. Wright, Kentucky. The salary of the chief-justice of the United States is $10,500; associate justices, $10,000 each; of the reporter, $1,500; marshal, $3,500; clerk of the Supreme Court, $6,000. The country was divided into nine circuits, to each of which a justice of the Supreme Court was assigned. The circuits a
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Technology, Institutes of (search)
branches of industry dependent on hand work. The usual course in the purely technical institutions includes civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, foundry work, modelmaking, wood and metal turning, and mechanical drawing, in addition to the French and German languages, chemistry, and other necessities for a professional technical career. At the end of the schoolyear 1899 there were in the United States forty-three institutes of technology, having a total of 1,126 professors and instructors; 14,050 students in all departments; four fellowships; 551 scholarships; 406,354 bound volumes, and 123,686 pamphlets in their libraries; scientific apparatus valued at $3,314,303; grounds and buildings valued at $11,963,150; productive funds aggregating $10,922,498; and total income, $4,260,609. In 1901 much of an extraordinary demand for graduates of the leading institutes of technology was directly traceable to the remarkable development of the manufacturing interests of the country.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Territories of the United States (search)
Territories of the United States All the States of the Republic have been first organized by acts of Congress as Territories, excepting the original thirteen States; Texas, which was received into the Union by annexation; California, which was admitted immediately as a State; and West Virginia, which was formed from a part of Virginia. There were in 1901 three organized Territories, as shown in the following table: Name.Date of Creation.Area in Square Miles.Population in 1900 Arizona.1863113,000122,212 New Mexico1850122,580195,310 Oklahoma189039,030 398,331 The Territory of Alaska, with an area of 531,000 square miles, had been partially organized; the Indian Territory was still without a central organization; Hawaii was governed by the terms of the joint resolution passed by Congress June 17, 1898; and the District of Columbia was governed by three commissioners under the direct legislation of Congress.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Trades unions. (search)
formed in Philadelphia the first association of the Knights of Labor, a limited, social, and (at first) secret organization. One of its objects was to harmonize labor and capital, while decrying strikes, idleness, and frivolity. It also collected the statistics of its members, and strove to promote intelligence among them. In 1877 it engaged in the great strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad to resist a reduction in wages. By 1877 it had 450 societies; in 1901 it claimed a membership of 200,000: the organization became national in 1878. It organized labor bureaus in twenty-eight States; in 1884 the United States bureau of labor was established; in 1888 the department of labor, at Washington. Friction has always existed between the American Federation of Labor and the Knights of Labor. from the fact that, while both desire in the main the same ends, each favors a different means, the Knights advocating centralization, while the Federation of Labo
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Treason. (search)
humbling the old rag of the United States. He became so dangerous to good order as the leader of the turbulent spirits in New Orleans that Butler had him arrested and tried for treason. He was found guilty and executed—the only man who, up to 1901, had been tried, found guilty, and suffered death for that crime since the foundation of the national government. In 1901, after the death of President McKinley by an assassin's bullet, there was a wide-spread opinion that Congress should pass anspirits in New Orleans that Butler had him arrested and tried for treason. He was found guilty and executed—the only man who, up to 1901, had been tried, found guilty, and suffered death for that crime since the foundation of the national government. In 1901, after the death of President McKinley by an assassin's bullet, there was a wide-spread opinion that Congress should pass an act making an attack on the person of the President of the United States, whether fatal or not, an act of trea
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), United States of America. (search)
United States of America. The name given to the thirteen English-American colonies in the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. In 1901 their number had increased to forty-five States (see table on opposite page) and seven Territories (Alaska, Arizona, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and Oklahoma) with the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Guam, Wake, Samoa, and Isle of Pines, etc. For details of population in 1900 see census. Progress in population. Cens who shall not be placed on the retired list except upon his own application, and when the admiral dies the office ceases to exist.] The navy and marine corps reorganized (the navy personnel act)......March 3, 1899 Pan-American Exposition of 1901 authorized......March 3, 1899 The Ohio Centennial and Northwest Territory Exposition at Toledo, O., authorized......March 3, 1899 Attack on British and American sailors at Samoa, by Mataafa's followers......April 1, 1899 Stephen J. Field,
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