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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
f Caesar and Cicero. Such mills were driven by the current of the Tiber a little before the time of Augustus. It is not certain that these were grain-mills. Windmills were introduced from Greece by one Paulo, and were used for grinding grain, if we may credit Pomponius Sabinus. Antipater, time of Cicero, refers distinctly to the use of water-mills in an epigram: — Cease now your work, ye maids, ye who labored in the mill; sleep now, and let the birds sing to the ruddy morning, for Ceres has commanded the waternymphs to perform your task; these, obedient to her call, throw themselves on the wheel, force round the axle-tree, and by these means the heavy mill. Palladius advises the erection of water-mills on estates where streams afford the opportunity of saving manual labor in grinding grain. Public mills were established in Rome A. D. 398, and were driven by the surplus of water brought to Rome by her splendid aqueducts. They were principally at the foot of Mount Jani
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
t in that queer old prong of Britain. Occasional notices are found among the Greek and Roman writers of the keys of their times; as when Aratus compares the constellation of Cassiopeia to a Roman key, having a curved stem and a handle shaped like the south stars of the group. Ariston also refers to their deeply bent stems, and Eustathius compares them to sickles; and indeed some were so large that they might fairly be carried over the shoulders, as described by Callimachus in his Hymn to Ceres, where he represents the priestess of Nicippe carrying her key in that manner. Homer's allusion to the lock on the wardrobe of Penelope is thus rendered by Pope:— A brazen key she held, the handle turned, With steel and polished ivory adorned. The bolt, obedient to the silken string, Forsakes the staple as she pulls the ring; The wards, respondent to the key, turn round, The bars fly back, the flying valves resound; Loud as a bull makes hill and valley ring, So roared the lock when i
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
in each hand, and a harrow slung over the shoulder by a cord. See harrow Osiris taught the way and manner of tillage and good management of the fruits of the earth. Isis found out the way of cultivating wheat and barley, which before grew here and there in the fields, among the common herbs and grass, and the use of them was unknown. — Diodorus Siculus. The early deifications were many of them of individuals who had opened up sources of agricultural prosperity. Isis was the Greek Ceres; Osiris became Bacchus, the Father Liber of the erudite Pliny The great efficiency of the engineering works believed to have been executed by Sesostris, about 1800 B. C., indicates a great progress in the agriculture to which this scheme of irrigation was subservient. The alluvium of the valley of the Nile, however, never was plowed in the manner we consider essential to good husbandry on our soils. Some of the Egyptians lightly run over the surface of the earth with a plow, after t