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their emancipation from fetters. Grafton's Autobiography. The King, who wished to retain Conway in office and had looked into his heart to know how to wind and govern him, attached him by the Memoirs, III. 61, 62. Here Walpole becomes a leading authority on account of his intimacy with Conway, and for the time, with Grafton. The comparison with the Autobiography of the latter, shows tharred on discussing the division of employments. In the House of Commons the lead must belong to Conway or Grenville. Against the latter Rockingham was inflexible; and Bedford equally determined agaitelton to Temple, Nov. 1767, in Lyttelton's Life and Corr. II. 740. and Temple, and insisted on Conway's taking the lead in the House of Commons. This left no possibility of agreement; and we broke sly, and Rockingham bowed, and so they parted. What did the King say to you? asked Grafton and Conway eagerly, as Rockingham came out; and the only answer he could make was— Nothing. Once more Ro
commission, Durand to Choiseul, 10 Dec. 1767. the Ministry was revolutionized, but without benefit to Grenville. The Colonies were taken from Shelburne and consigned to a separate department of State, with Lord Hillsborough as its Secretary. Conway made room for Lord Weymouth, a vehement but not forcible speaker; in private life, cold and taciturn; impoverished by gambling, and of such habits that the world Durand to the Duke of Choiseul, 19 Jan. 1768. Du Chatelet to the Duke of Choiseu Representatives to Shelburne, 15 January, 1768, Bradford's State Papers, 137. Compare the contrary opinions of Otis, in Gordon's Hist. of the Amer. Rev. i. 228, 229. Chatham, Rockingham, House to Rockingham, 22 Jan. 1768, in Bradford, 142. Conway, Camden, the Treasury Board, at which sat Grafton, Lord North, and Jenkinson, letters which contained the same sentiments, and especially enforced the impracticability of an American representation in the British Parliament. The True Sentiment
ealed accusations? With Chap Xxxiii} 1768. May truer loyalty towards the mother country, Samuel Adams, Samuel Adams to S. de Berdt, 14 May, 1768. through the Agent, advised the repeal of the Revenue Acts, and the removal of a Governor, in whom the Colonies could never repose confidence. But Bernard went on, persuading Hillsborough that America had grown refractory Bernard to Hillsborough, 19 May, 1768. in consequence of the feeble administration of the Colonies during the time of Conway and Shelburne; that it required his Lordship's distinguished abilities Bernard to Hillsborough, 12 May, 1768. to accomplish the most arduous task of reducing them into good order. It only needs, said Hutchinson, Hutchinson to——, 26 May, 1768. one steady plan, pursued a little while. At that moment the people of Massachusetts, confidently awaiting a favorable result of their appeal to the King, revived their ancient spirit of loyalty. At the opening of the political year on the last
Chap. XL.} 1769. April. commercial, in making the Americans pay a duty upon tea. No one would defend the Act, yet few urged its repeal. The Rockingham party were willing that it should remain as a source of embarrassment to the Ministers. Conway next proposed as a middle course, to agree to take it into consideration the next session. I approve the middle course, said Beckford. I was the first man who said you ought not tax America for the purpose of revenue. The duty upon tea, with athree hundred pounds a year. Why should such a duty be retained, at the cost of the affections of thirteen Provinces and two millions of people? Grafton spoke first and earnestly for its repeal; Camden seconded him with equal vigor. Granby and Conway gave their voice and their vote on the same side, and Sir Edward Hawke, whom illness detained from Chap. XL.} 1769. May. the meeting, was of their opinion. Had not Grafton and Camden consented to remove Shelburne, the measure would have been
ions to a seat in this Assembly, than either the honesty of the heart or the clearness of the head. Gilmour invited censure on such unprecedented expressions. Conway excused them as uttered in heat. I am not conscious, resumed Saville, that I have spoken in heat; if I did, I have had time to pool, and I again say, as I said bth of the 23 January, the King writes, My mind is more and more strengthened in the rightness of the measure. That implies previous consideration of the measure. Conway hinted at trying Rockingham and his friends. I know their disposition, said the King, and I will not hear of them. As for Chatham, I will abdicate the crown sooord North did not hesitate; and the King exerted all his ability and his ten years experience to establish the Minister of his choice, teaching him how to flatter Conway, King to Lord North, 29 Jan 1770. and how to prevent desertion. On the last day of January, the new Prime Minister, amidst great excitement and the sanguine
erica. The last public act of Grenville's life was a step towards representative reform by establishing a more impartial method of deciding controverted elections. It was perhaps the most honorable trophy of his long Chap. XLIV.} 1770. April. career. On the ninth of April, four days after Grenville had carried his bill triumphantly to the House of Lords, one more attempt was made to conciliate America; and Trecothick of London, supported by Beckford and Lord Beauchamp, by Dowdeswell, Conway, Dunning the late Solicitor General, and Sir George Saville, proposed Garth to Committee of South Carolina, 11 April, 1770. W. S. Johnson to Gov. Trnmbull of Connecticut, 14 April, 1770. the repeal of the duty on tea. The King who watched Parliament closely, was indignant at this debate in the teeth of a standing order, King to Lord North, 9 April, 1770; from the papers of Lord North, communicated to me by his daughter. on a proposal which had already been voted down. I wish to concil
mer Governor of Massachusetts. I hope, for the sake of this country, for the sake of America, for the sake of general liberty, that this Address will go with a unanimous vote. As nothing was proposed but to carry out the Declaratory Act, no man in England could so little find fault with the principle of the proposed measures, as Edmund Burke; he only taunted the Ministry with their wavering policy. Lord George Germain derived all the American disturbance from the repeal of the Stamp tax. Conway pleaded for unanimity. I speak, said William Burke, as an Englishman; we applaud ourselves for the struggle we have had for our Constitution; the Colonists are our fellowsub-jects; they will not lose theirs without a struggle. Barre applauded the good temper with which the subject had been discussed, and refused to make any opposition The leading question, said Wedderburn, who bore the principal part in the debate, is the dependence or independence of America. The Address was adopted with
to collect its energies for official action. If British statesmen are blamed for not suffering her colonies to go free without a war, it must yet be confessed that the war grew by a kind of necessity out of the hundred years contest with the crown for the bulwark of English freedom. But now Fox would have England instantly declare their independence; Donne, II. 154, 17 March, 1778. Pownall, who had once defended the Stamp Act, urged their recognition; Almon's Debates, IX. 60. and Conway broke through his reserve, and said in Chap. V.} 1778. parliament: It has been proved to demonstration that there is no other method of having peace with them but acknowledging them to be, what they really are, and what they are determined to remain, independent states. The house of commons seemed secretly to agree with him. Almon's Debates, IX. 69. Tories began to vote against the ministry. Correspondence of C. J. Fox, i. 168. The secretary of war, Lord Barrington, said to the king:
elf as to the hopelessness of the contest. Accordingly on the twenty-second of February, Feb. 22. 1782, a motion against continuing the American war was made by Conway; was supported by Fox, William Pitt, Barre, Wilberforce, Mahon, Burke, and Cavendish; and was negatived by a majority of but one. Five days later, his resolution lead to a speedy peace between the two branches of the English nation. The address to the king having been answered in equivocal terms, on the fourth of March Conway March 4. brought forward a second address, to declare that the house would consider as enemies to the king and country all those who would further attempt the pres of Fox. Shelburne took with him into the cabinet Camden; and, as a balance to Thurlow, the great lawyer Dunning, raising him to the peerage as Lord Ashburton. Conway and Grafton might be esteemed as neutral, having both been members alike of the Rockingham and the Chatham administrations. Men of the next generation asked why
d, who had ever condemned the violation of the principles of English liberty in the administration of British colonies in America. Pitt, at three and twenty years old, became chancellor of the exchequer; the Chap. XXVIII.} 1782. July 9. seals of the foreign office were intrusted to Lord Grantham. In the house of commons, Fox made on the ninth of July his self-defence, which, in its vagueness and hesitation, betrayed his consciousness that he had no ground to stand upon. In the debate, Conway said with truth that eagerness for exclusive power was the motive of Fox, between whom and Shelburne the difference of policy for America was very immaterial; that the latter, so far from renewing the old, exploded politics, had been able to convince his royal master that a declaration of its independence was, from the situation of the country and the necessity of the case, the wisest and most expedient measure that government could adopt. Burke called heaven and earth to witness the sincer