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Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, major general , United States army : volume 2, Chapter 46: negro conditions during the Civil War (search)
the storms came with the winter months the weather was of great severity. General Grant, with his usual gentleness toward the needy and his fertility in expedients, introduced at once a plan of relief. He selected a fitting superintendent, John Eaton, Chaplain of the Twentyseventh Ohio Volunteers, who soon was promoted to the colonelcy of a colored regiment, and later for many years was Commissioner of the U. S. Bureau of Education. He was then constituted Chief of Negro Affairs for the enccounts, the money was paid for the labor by the quartermaster, but never directly to the fugitives. The superintendent, controlling this money, saw to it first that the men, women, and children should have sufficient clothing and food; then Colonel Eaton built for them rough cabins and provided for their sick and aged, managing to extend to them many unexpected comforts. General Grant in his memoirs suggests this as the first idea of a Freedmen's Bureau. It was, doubtless, a harbinger of th
Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, major general , United States army : volume 2, Chapter 48: organization of the freedmen's Bureau and my principles of action (search)
ee, Headquarters, Nashville, Tenn. General J. W. Sprague, Missouri and Arkansas, Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo. Colonel John Eaton, District of Columbia. In the above order, owing to General Saxton's long experience with the freedmen, he was givtreets opposite the old Navy Department, and carefully laid the subject before him. The general said at once: Bring Colonel John Eaton from Mississippi here. He's your man. Gladly I did that. Accordingly, the District of Columbia, parts of Virginia and Maryland and West Virginia were made Colonel Eaton's subdivision. It was treated like a State with an assistant commissioner in charge. Colonel Eaton was its first assistant commissioner. By his coming I had the advantage of his long experiColonel Eaton was its first assistant commissioner. By his coming I had the advantage of his long experience with the freedmen of the Mississippi Valley where he had so much aided General Grant during the active war. For some months before the insurrectionary States were reorganized by Andrew Johnson, our Freedmen's Bureau officers in them afforded
By the table we see that we had in December, 1865, already under cultivation 161,331 acres; and that for the use of refugees and freedmen there were 768,590 acres not yet surrendered by operation of the President's pardons; but even that early 88,170 acres and 1,177 pieces of town property had been restored to former owners, thus largely reducing the income of our Bureau from the rents, and making a continued possession of the remainder too uncertain to be of material value. Under Colonel Eaton's superintendence and management were 13,806 acres. Of this he placed under cultivation as contemplated in the law 2,282 acres, of which 1,300 acres were in Maryland. Wheat, corn, and tobacco were the principal crops. The tenure had already become too doubtful to warrant much allotment to individuals or the giving of leases of any considerable length. Thus the provisions of the law were plainly thwarted by unexpected executive action. Colonel Orlando Brown, assistant commissioner f
Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, major general , United States army : volume 2, Chapter 52: President Johnson's reconstruction and further bureau legislation for 1866 (search)
geographical departments and garrisons, were friendly to my work; it was, therefore, not difficult to secure in that way unity of organization and action; it was easy enough in and near all towns actually garrisoned, and in places which were reached by rail. Perhaps the needs, the hopes, the fears, the failures, and such progress as was made in the Bureau work for 1866 may be best illustrated by some of the work before the courts that year. General C. H. Howard, who had succeeded General Eaton in the District of Columbia and vicinity, found it next to impossible to get the courts to allow the testimony of colored witnesses anywhere in Maryland until the effect of the United States Civil Rights Law, recently enacted, which forbade such distinction, came into play. Upon a case of great outrage, committed by a white man upon a negro, where the Bureau agent brought the white man to trial and the white man was condemned and sentenced, an appeal was taken before Judge Bowie of the
Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, major general , United States army : volume 2, Chapter 63: in the Northwest, among the Indians; trip to Alaska; life in Portland, Ore.; 1874 to 1881 (search)
d from my own points of observation. Evidently it proved interesting, for I soon received many invitations to give the lecture. Nothing ever oppressed me more than a debt, and I was exceedingly anxious to make the last payment to that friend who had loaned me the $7,000 when I needed money. While in Portland, Ore., we took our letters to the First Congregational Church of that city, and here, uniting with our friends of that connection, I did what I could to assist the minister, Rev. Mr. Eaton, in his arduous work. Habitually I taught the large Bible class in his Sunday school, and bore my part in his social and religious meetings. As much of my duty had to do with the various tribes of Indians, I spent much time in going from one post to another of my extensive territory. The three Indian wars with the Nez Perces, the Piutes and Bannocks, and the so-called Sheep Eaters took three summers and much planning during my command of the Department of the Columbia. In the Nez
ick, II, 317, 321 Dred Scott Case, 11, 278. Drexel, Harjes & Co., 111, 526. Dufferin, Earl and Lady, 11, 509. Duncan, William, II, 75, 76, 83-85, 92, 97, 123, 132, 137-139. Dunlap, John, II, 378, 379. Dunnell, Mark H., I, 143. Duryea, Abram, I, 140. Dwight, Henry Otis, II, 511. Eager, C. F., 586. Early, Jubal, I, 147, 160, 163, 260, 332, 358, 390, 391, 400, 416, 428, 429. Easton, L. C., II, 96, 97. Eaton, A. B., II, 250, 257. Eaton, James D., 11, 474. Eaton, John, II, 179, 215, 225, 232, 251. Edward, Prince of Wales, I, 98, 99. Edwards, L. A., II, 295. Eeles, Cushing, II, 483. Eliot, Thomas D., II, 198-201, 204, 282. Elliot, W. L., II, 56. Ellsworth, E. Elmer, I, 104. Elvans, J. R., II, 419. Elzey, Arnold, 1, 163. Eskiminzin, Chief, II, 548, 551. Estes, L. G., II, 35. Etowah, Crossing of the, II, 534-540. Europe, Trip to, II, 493-512. Evans, J. R., II, 318, 319. Evans, N. George, II, 147, 154-156, 173. Ev