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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing) 28 0 Browse Search
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Browsing named entities in Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing). You can also browse the collection for M. Gerard or search for M. Gerard in all documents.

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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Congress, Continental (search)
ts, and systems of labor, but more largely on the latter. When members from the North spoke freely of the evils of slavery, a member from South Carolina declared that if property in slaves should be questioned, there must be an end to the confederation. So, in the convention that framed the national Constitution, that instrument could not have received the sanction of a majority of the convention had the immediate abolition of the slavetrade been insisted upon. Soon after the arrival of Gerard, the first French minister, at Philadelphia, he wrote (1778) to Vergennes: The States of the South and of the North, under existing subjects of estrangement and division, are two distinct parties, which, at present, count but few deserters. The division is attributed to moral and philosophical causes. The sessions of the Continental Congress were opened at the following times and places: Sept. 5, 1774, Philadelphia; May 10, 1775, ditto; Dec. 20, 1776, Baltimore; March 4, 1777, Philadelph
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Deane, Silas, 1737-1789 (search)
ing supplies from France through Beaumarchais. Thomas Paine (q. v.), then secretary of the committee on foreign affairs, replied to Deane (Jan. 2, 1779), availing himself of public documents in his charge. In that reply he declared that the arrangement had been made by Arthur Lee, in London, and revealed the secret that the supplies, though nominally furnished by a commercial house, really came from the French government. This statement called out loud complaints from the French minister (Gerard), for it exposed the duplicity of his government, and to soothe the feelings of their allies, Congress, by resolution, expressly denied that any gratuity had been received from the French Court previous to the treaty of alliance. This resolution gave Beaumarchais a valid claim upon Congress for payment for supplies which he, under the firm name of Hortales & Co., had sent to America (see Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin). Paine's indiscretion cost him his place. He was compelled to resign his
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), French assistance. (search)
French assistance. In accordance with the spirit of the treaty of alliance between the United States and France (Feb. 6, 1778), a French fleet was speedily fitted out at Toulon. It consisted of twelve ships of the line and four frigates, commanded by the Count D'Estaing (q. v.). This fleet arrived in the Delaware on July 8, 1778, bearing 4,000 French troops. With it came M. Gerard, the first French minister accredited to the United States. Silas Deane also returned from his mission to France in the same vessel (the Languedoc), the flagship. Having sent his passengers up to Philadelphia in a frigate, D'Estaing sailed for Sandy Hook, and anchored off the harbor of New York. Lord Howe, who had fortunately for himself left the Delaware a few days before D'Estaing's arrival, was now with his fleet in Raritan Bay, whither the heavy French vessels could not safely follow. On July 22 he sailed, with his squadron, to co-operate with General Sullivan against the British in Rhode Isl
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Gerard de Rayneval, Conrad Alexandre 1778-1790 (search)
ions were fully established between the two governments by the French sending M. Gerard (who had been an active participator in the negotiations) as minister plenipothe minister at his lodgings. A few minutes afterwards the two delegates and M. Gerard entered the coach; the minister's chariot, being behind, received his secreta in the Congress chamber, the members of that body and the president sitting; M. Gerard, being seated, presented his credentials into the hands of his secretary, whoe minister to Congress, at the same moment the minister and Congress rising. M. Gerard bowed to the president (Henry Laurens) and Congress, and they bowed to him, wess, and the minister then arose again together. The minister bowed to the M. Gerard. president, who returned the salute, and then to the Congress, who bowed in rus manner in which the first foreign minister of the United States was received, and he from the gayest court in Europe. M. Gerard died in Strasburg in April, 1790.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Luzerne, Anne Caesar de La 1741- (search)
Luzerne, Anne Caesar de La 1741- Diplomatist; born in Paris in 1741. Having risen to the rank of colonel in the French army, he studied the art of diplomacy, and, in 1776, was sent as an envoy to Barranca. He succeeded Gerard as minister to the United States, in September, 1779, and remained here four years, gaining the esteem of the Americans by his friendship, wisdom, and prudence. In 1783 he returned to France, bearing the cordial thanks of Congress; and after the organization of the national government in 1789, President Washington caused the Secretary of State to write a letter to Luzerne, making an official acknowledgment of his services. In 1788 Luzerne was sent Anne Caesar de la Luzerne. as ambassador to London, where he died, Sept. 14, 1791.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Paine, Thomas 1737- (search)
ople of the United States, in which he commented severely on the conduct of the Lees, and justly claimed credit for himself in obtaining supplies from France through Beaumarchais. Paine, availing himself of documents in his custody, published a reply to Deane's address, in which he asserted that the supplies nominally furnished through a mercantile house came really from the French government. This avowal, which the French and Congress both wished to conceal, drew from the French minister, Gerard, a warm protest, as it proved duplicity on the part of the French Court; and, to appease the minister, Congress, by resolution, expressly denied that any present of supplies had been received from France previous to the treaty of alliance. Paine was dismissed from office for his imprudence in revealing the secrets of diplomacy. Late in November, 1779, he was made clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly; and in that capacity read a letter to that body from General Washington, intimating that a
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Revolutionary War, (search)
, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and South CarolinaJuly 9, 1778 Delegates from North Carolina sign them July 21, 1778 Delegates from Georgia sign themJuly 24, 1778 French fleet, under Count D'Estaing, enters Narraganset Bay July 29, 1778 M. Gerard, minister from France to America, received in Congress Aug. 6, 1778 Congress rejects the bills of Parliament, and refuses to negotiate with Great Britain until her fleets and armies are withdrawn and she acknowledges the independence of the co, by Americans and French, fails; Pulaski killedSept. 23-Oct. 9, 1779 A company of British regulars and four armed vessels in the Ogeechee River, Ga., surrenders to Colonel WhiteOct. 1, 1779 British evacuate Rhode Island Oct. 11-25, 1779 M. Gerard succeeded by the Chevalier de la Luzerne as minister from France to the United StatesNov. 17, 1779 American army winters at Morristown Dec., 1779 General Clinton sails from New York against Charleston Dec. 26, 1779 Washington reprimands Gene
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Spain. (search)
time Spain would take part in the war against Great Britain, he burst out into a tirade against the French policy. The American deputies, he said, are treated like the Roman consuls, to whom the kings of the East came to ask support. Blanca soon began the meditation of intrigues with Great Britain to crush or reduce the growing power of the United States. Early in 1779 the Spanish Court offered to be a mediator between France and Great Britain. Pending this affair the French minister (Gerard) had urged the Continental Congress to fix what terms of peace they would accept and to appoint ministers authorized to negotiate. The Spanish offer was at first evaded and then rejected by Great Britain, when the Spanish Court published a manifesto, which was equivalent to a declaration of war against England, and so, indirectly, gave aid to the United States. France, financially weak, now wished for peace, and therefore the minister suggested to Congress measures for securing it. In 1