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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Anderson, Robert, -1871 (search)
nts. He had applied to the government for instructions, but receive none. and he determined to leave Fort Moultrie with his garrison and take post in stronger Fort Sumter. This he did on the evening of Dec. 26. The vigilance of the Confederates had been eluded, They, amazed, telegraphed to Floyd. The latter, by telegraph, ordered Anderson to explain his conduct in acting without orders. Anderson calmly replied that it was (done to save the government works. In Sumter, he was a thorn in the flesh of the Confederates. Finally they attacked him, and after a siege and furious bombardment, the fort was evacuated in April, 1861. In May, 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general in the regular army, and commander of the Department of the Cumberland, but failing health caused his to retire from the service in 1863, when he was brevetted a major-general. In 1868 he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, and died in Nice, France, Oct. 27, 1871. See Pickens, Fort; Sumter, Fort.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Andrews, Charles McLean, 1863- (search)
Andrews, Charles McLean, 1863- Historian; born at Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 22, 1863; was graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1884; and was called to the Chair of History in Bryn Mawr College in 1889. His publications include The River towns of Connecticut; The old English Manor; The Historical development of modern Europe; and articles in reviews and historical periodicals.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Anne, Queen, (search)
knowledged his son, Prince lames (commonly known as The Pretender), to be the lawful heir to the English throne. This naturally offended the English, for Louis had acknowledged William as king in the Ryswick treaty. The British Parliament had also settled the crown on Anne. so as to secure a Protestant succession. The English were also offended because Louis had placed his grandson, Philip of Aragon. on the Spanish throne, and thus extended the influence of France among the dynasties of Europe. On the death of William III. （March 8, 1702) Anne ascended the throne, and on the same day the triple alliance between England, Holland, and the German Empire against France was renewed. Soon afterwards, chiefly because of the movements of Louis above mentioned, England declared war against France, and their respective colonies in America took up arms against each other. The war lasted eleven years. Fortunately, the Five Nations had made a treaty of neutrality (Aug. 4, 1701) with the Fr
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arctic exploration. (search)
Arctic exploration. During almost four hundred years efforts have been made by European navigators to discover a passage for vessels through the Arctic seas to India. The stories of Marco Polo of the magnificent countries in Eastern Asia and ae three voyages in that direction in 1594-96, and perished on his third voyage. Henry Hudson tried to round the north of Europe and Asia in 1607-08, but failed, and, pushing for the lower latitudes of the American coast, discovered the river that be the polar waters. The same year. and for some time afterwards, several expeditions were sent out from the continent of Europe. Finally, by the help of Congress, Captain Hall was enabled to sail, with a well-furnished company, in the ship Polaris,rn he suddenly sickened and died, and the Polaris returned without accomplishing much. The passage from the coast of western Europe, around the north of that continent and of Asia, into the Pacific Ocean, was first accomplished in the summer of 1879
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arista, Mariano, 1802- (search)
ed from Mexico, and came to the United States. In 1835 he returned, and was restored to his rank in the army, and made Judge of the Supreme Tribunal of War. He was taken prisoner by the French at Vera Cruz (Dec. 5, 1838), but was soon released on parole. In 1839 he became general-in-chief of the northern division of the army, and received the Cross of honor for defeating insurgents. Though only a military commander, he was for some time the real ruler of Mexico when Herrera was President in 1844. Commanding at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca De La Palma (q. v.) in May, 1848, he was appointed Minister of War a month later. Within two years he suppressed seventeen revolts in Mexico; and in 1850 he was elected President of his native country. He resigned the government in July, 1853. Banished from his country by his enemies, he made a voyage to Europe; and died there on the day when Santa Ana, who had usurped his seat, was compelled to fly from the city of Mexico, Aug. 7, 1855.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arnold, Samuel Greene, 1821-1880 (search)
Arnold, Samuel Greene, 1821-1880 Legislator and author; born in Providence, R. I., April 12, 1821. He was graduated at Brown University in 1841. After extensive travel in Europe, the East, and South America, he became, in 1852, lieutenant-governor of Rhode Island. In 1861 he took the field in command of a battery of artillery. He was lieutenant-governor, 1861-62, and United States Senator in 1863. He was the author of a History of Rhodc Island. He died in Providence, Feb. 12, 1880.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arthur, Chester Alan, 1830-1886 (search)
ives can be required of Chinese. Without expressing an opinion on that point, I may invite the attention of Congress to the fact that the system of personal registration and passports is undemocratic and hostile to the spirit of our institutions. I doubt the wisdom of putting an entering wedge of this kind into our laws. A nation like the United States, jealous of the liberties of its citizens, may well hesitate before it incorporates into its polity a system which is fast disappearing in Europe before the progress of liberal institutions. A wide experience has shown how futile such precautions are, and how easily passports may be borrowed, exchanged, or even forged by persons interested to do so. If it is, nevertheless, thought that a passport is the most convenient way for identifying the Chinese entitled to the protection of the Burlingame treaty, it may still be doubted whether they ought to be required to register. It is certainly our duty, under the Burlingame treaty, to
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Asgill, Sir Charles, 1762-1823 (search)
King and Queen of France did intercede, and on Nov. 5, 1782. Congress resolved, That the commander-in-chief be, and hereby is, directed to set Captain Asgill at liberty. It was done. The case of young Asgill had created an intense interest in Europe, and, on the arrival of every ship from America at any European port. the first inquiry was about the fate of Asgill. In 1836, Congress granted to Martha Piatt, only surviving child of Captain Huddy, then seventy years of age, $1,200 in money aEuropean port. the first inquiry was about the fate of Asgill. In 1836, Congress granted to Martha Piatt, only surviving child of Captain Huddy, then seventy years of age, $1,200 in money and 600 acres of land, the amount due Captain Huddy for seven years service as captain of artillery. Asgill succeeded to the title and estate of his father, and rose to the rank of general in the British army. He died in London, July 23. 1823. Madame de Sevinge made the story of Captain Asgill the ground-work of a tragic drama.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Asphalt, (search)
Asphalt, A solid bituminous substance. probably derived from decayed vegetable matter; used as building material in ancient Babylon. The artificial asphalt from gas-works began to be used as pavement about 1838. Various kinds of asphalt pavement have been since laid in New York, and the leading cities of the United States and Europe. The most celebrated deposit of natural bitumen is on the island of Trinidad, whence the United States obtains its chief supply. although in the calendar year 1809 the United States had an aggregate production of asphalt and bituminous rock of 75.085 short tons, valued at $553,904, the mining being in California. Kentucky, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas. Colorado, and Utah, the principal amount being mined in California.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Atlantic Telegraph. (search)
realized. Almost eleven years afterwards an attempt was made to establish telegraphic communication between America and Europe by means of an insulated metallic cable under the sea. Cyrus W. Field, a New York merchant, was applied to for aid in com an exclusive right, for fifty years, to establish a telegraph from the American continent to that island. and thence to Europe. These gentlemen were Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts. Chandler White, and Cyrus W. Field. Twenty-five an Telegraph Company. with a capital of $3.000,000. Another cable was laid, and permanent electric communication between Europe and America was established July 27. 1866. After twelve years of hard and anxious labor, during which time Mr. Field crossed the ocean nearly fifty times, he saw the great work accomplished. He had been nobly aided by men in Europe and America. Congress voted him the thanks of the nation and a gold medal, while the Prime Minister of England declared that it was onl
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