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c′tro-lyte. The compound in the electroplating bath which is decomposed by the electric action. E-lec′tro-mag′net. A bar of soft iron rendered temporarily magnetic by the passage of a current of electricity through a coil of wire by which the bar is surrounded. The electro-magnet of the Stevens Institute of Technology weighs in all about 1,600 pounds; eight brass spools, each of which is wound with 272 coils of copper wire insulated with kerite. The hollow spools contain cores of Norway iron, four to each core. The lifting-force of the magnet is from thirty to fifty tons. E-lec′tro-mag-net′ic A-larm′. One which is brought into action by the closing an electro-magnetic circuit. This may be a burglar-alarm in which the opening of a door or window is made to close a circuit mechanically; or it may be a fire-alarm in which the lengthening of a rod or a change in its shape is made to close a circuit. In some cases, a column of mercury is expanded by the heat and t
is a revolving hollow scouring and blowing shaft, having an airgathering cup or scoop upon one of its ends, and at the opposite end is a discharge-spout and a blast-passage. Roughened scouring and smooth conveying blades are set spirally around the hollow blowing-shaft. Hone. A flat slab, usually of some description of slaty stone, used for giving a keen edge to a cutting-tool after sharpening on the grindstone. Various kinds, differing greatly in texture and hardness, are employed. Norway ragstone, water-of-Ayr, bluestone, German-hone, and many other varieties, have a more or less extended reputation for their adaptation to special requirements, being used either dry or moistened with water or with oil. The Turkey oil-stone, which comes from Asia Minor, is generally known, and is employed for imparting an edge to chisels, plane-bits, and all the finer varieties of cutting-tools. It is usually cemented in a slab of wood and provided with a wooden cover. The finest variety
ertain amount of carbon, but resisting the combination of the larger amount necessary to make castiron. Styria was not the only European country in which the simple furnace just described was used for smelting iron ore, for those of Sweden and Norway, 300 years ago, were of substantially the same character. The iron obtained from them was a spongy mass, which was drawn out at intervals by tongs, hammered gently and cautiously, and then more energetically, to press the particles of iron into arco Polo did not know that, and his services can hardly be exaggerated. The Arabs sailed by the compass during the Khalifate of Cordova, which lasted till A. D. 1237, when it was subdued by the Moors. An authority states that it was known in Norway previous to 1266. Dr. Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, states that P. Venutus brought a compass direct from China in 1260. See Klaproth's work on this subject, Paris, 1834; Sir Snow Harris's Rudimentary magnetism ; the researches of B
embankment is necessary, a lighter rail is employed, and the cars are made much lighter in proportion to the weight they are capable of transporting. The narrow gages actually in use vary from 3 feet 6 inches to 2 feet. The Mauch Chunk road has a gage of 3 feet; this, the Nesquehoning, and the Carbondale roads, all narrow gage, were among the first of such gage constructed in this country. Three feet six inches appears to be a favorite gage, those of Queensland, Australia, India, and Norway being all constructed of this width, the rails weighing from 35 to 40 pounds per yard. Many engineers advocate a 3-feet gage or one even narrower for some purposes or localities. The narrowest in actual operation, so far as we are aware, only two feet, is the Portmadoc and Festiniog Railway in North Wales, through a very difficult country. This was originally designed as a tramway for the transportation of slate, stone, and other minerals from the hills of Merionethshire to the sea, but
9 France 1, 60931 miles = 1 kilometre. Kilometre1,093.6 GenoaMile (post)8,527 GermanyMile (15 to 1°)8,101 GreeceStadium1,083.33 GuineaJacktan4 HamburgMeile8,238 HanoverMeile8,114 HungaryMeile9,139 IndiaWarsa24.89 ItalyMile2,025 JapanInk2.038 LeghornMiglio1,809 LeipsieMeile (post)7,432 LithuaniaMeile9,781 MaltaCanna2.29 MecklenburgMeile8,238 MexicoLegua4,638 MilanMigliio1,093.63 MochaMile2,146 NaplesMiglio2,025 NetherlandsMijle1,093.63 Place.Measure.U. S. Yards. NorwayMile12,182 PersiaParasang6,076 PolandMile (long)8,100 PortugalMitha2,250 PortugalVara3.609 PrussiaMile (post)8,238 RomeKilometre1,093.63 RomeMile2,025 RussiaVerst1,166.7 RussiaSashine2.33 SardiniaMiglio2,435 SaxonyMeile (post)7,432 SiamRoenung4,333 SpainLeague legal4,638 SpainLeague, common6,026.24 SpainMilla1,522 SwedenMile11,660 SwitzerlandMeile8,548 TurkeyBerri1,828 TuscanyMiglio1,809 VeniceMiglio1,900 O-don′ta-gra. A form of dental forceps. O-don′to-graph.
s; this is, however, principally due to the high ranges of hills eastward of this place. At Sitka, Alaska, and Bergen, Norway, where both these conditions of proximity to the ocean and the vicinity of high mountains to leeward are fulfilled, the a than in lower latitudes. There are six maximum points of rainfall in Europe, estimated in rainy days, not quantity, — Norway, Scotland, S. W. Ireland and England, Portugal, N. E. Spain, Lombardy. In Ireland it rains 208 days in the year. Inn the year. In Kazan it rains 90 days in the year. In Siberia it rains 60 days in the year. On the Dofrefelds of Norway it rains and mists nearly continually an aggregate of 82 inches per annum; about equal to Bombay, Havana, Sierra Leone. 1 Cork, Ireland40.2 Limerick, Ireland35 Armagh, Ireland36.12 Aberdeen, Scotland28.87 Glasgow, Scotland21.33 Bergen, Norway88.61 Stockholm20.4 Copenhagen18.35 Berlin23.56 Mannheim22.47 Prague14.1 Cracow13.3 Brussels28.06 Paris22.64 Gene
now in Paris. Saw-mills were erected by the Spaniards in the island of Madeira in 1420. Erected in Breslau, 1427; in Norway, 1520; in Rome, 1556. Saw-mills driven by water afterward became common in Europe. In the year 1555, the Bishop of Elal Tauchnitz in his report on the Leipsic Easter Fair in 1873. To this fair were brought the produce of Siberia, Russia, Norway, and Sweden, of all Central Europe, of the United States of America, Canada, the Hudson's Bay Territory, Northwest Americmerican.553 Dogwood.756–.852 Ebony, Indian1.209 Ebony, American1.331 Elder.695 Elm.671 Elm, American.723–.775 Fir, Norway.512 Fir, Oregon, yellow.559–.630 Fir, Oregon, red.462 Fir, Oregon, white.468 Gum, black.615 Gum, blue.843 Gum, wateof-war's boat with a propeller-engine. The details of one made as a tender to a sailing yacht for use on the fiords of Norway may afford an instance. The boat is 14 feet long by 4 feet 3 inches beam, and is to be carried at the ordinary davits; t<
La Panne, France4728 1867Malta to Alexandria, Egypt9252,000 1867Havana to Key West, Florida12520 1867Key West to Punta Russia, Fla12020 1867Placentia, Newfoundland, to St. Pierre11276 1867St. Pierre to Sydney, Cape Breton188250 1867Arendal, Norway, to Hirtshalts, Denmark66110 1868Italy to Sicily540 1868Havana to Key West, Florida125 1869Peterhead, Scotland, to Egursand, Norway25070 1869Grisselhamm, Sweden, to Nystadt, Russia9647 1869Newbiggin to Sondervig33448 1869*Black Sea300 1869Norway25070 1869Grisselhamm, Sweden, to Nystadt, Russia9647 1869Newbiggin to Sondervig33448 1869*Black Sea300 1869*Scilly Isles to Land's End, England2740 1869Malta to Sicily5475 1869Tasmania to Australia176 1869Scilly Isles to Land's End, England2742 1869*Corfu to Santa Maura50160 1869*Santa Maura to Ithaca7180 1869Ithaca to Cephalonia7 1869*Cephalonia to Zante1060 1869Bushire, Persia, to Jask50597 1869Brest, France, to St. Pierre2,5842,760 1869St. Pierre to Duxbury, U. S.749259 1869Moen to Bornholm, Sweden8028 1869Bornholm, Sweden, to Libau23062 1870Scotland to Orkney Isles37 1870Salcombe, E
nical surface upon which a valve rests. Vamp. The part of a boot or shoe upper in front of the ankle seams. Van. 1. A large covered wagon. 2. A shovel used in sifting ore. A peculiar rocking motion is given to the shovel, separating the ore powder into grades of varying gravity. This is called vanning. Va-na′di-um. (Equivalent, 68.6; symbol, V.) A rare, white, brittle, very infusible metal, not known in the arts. Vand-kik′kat. A form of water-telescope invented in Norway, and used for viewing submerged objects. Vane. 1. A device attached to an axis, and having a surface exposed to a moving current of fluid, so as to be actuated thereby. To indicate direction of motion, as in a weathercock or anemoscope. Or rate of motion, as in an anemometer or velocimeter. Or amount of fluid passing, as in a water-meter. Or to obtain power, as in a smoke-jack or windmill. 2. Conversely: a blade, paddle, wing, float, or spiral flange attached to an axis,
asmaniaDark; finely marked. Cabinet-work, turnery, etc. NellecIndiaDark flesh-color. Nettle-treeCeltis australisS. of EuropeClose-grained. Flutes, carving. Norfolk Island pineAraucaria excelsaNorfolk IslandMedium. Building, carpentry, etc. Norway spruceAbies excelsaNorwayMedium. The white deal used in England. NovaladdiIndiaGreenish brown; close-grained; takes fine polish. OakQuercus robur, etcEurope, etcHard. Shipbuilding, furniture, turnery, implements. Oak (African)(See Teak)AfricNorwayMedium. The white deal used in England. NovaladdiIndiaGreenish brown; close-grained; takes fine polish. OakQuercus robur, etcEurope, etcHard. Shipbuilding, furniture, turnery, implements. Oak (African)(See Teak)AfricaHard. Shipbuilding, furniture, turnery, etc. Oak (black)Quercus tinctoriaEastern U. S.Hard, red. Building, shingles. Oak (chestnut)Quercus prinaEastern U. S.Building, fencing, etc. Oak (red)Quercus tinctoriaEastern U. S.Hard, red. Building, shingles. Oak (White)Quercus albaEastern U. S.Hard, yellow. Building, furniture, implements, wagons. OliveOlea europaeaEurope, Syria, etc.Medium. Furniture, turnery, etc. Osage orange (Bois d'arc)Maclura aurantiacaArk. and southwardHard, yellow, ve<