rays from the object-glass to pass into the straight body.
Bi-noc′u-lar Tel′e-scope.
（Optics.) A pair of telescopes mounted in a stand, and having a parallel adjustment for the width between the eyes.
The tubes have a coincident horizontal and vertical adjustment for altitude and azimuth.
Galileo invented the binocular telescope with which he experimented in the harbor of Leghorn on a vessel in rough weather in the year 1617, with a view to the more convenient observation of Jupiter's satellites on board ship.
The invention has usually been attributed to the Capuchin monk Schyrleus de Rheita, who had much experience in optical matters, and was seeking to find the means of constructing telescopes which would magnify four thousand times.
Bi′not.
（Agriculture.) A kind of double-mold board-plow.
（English.)
Bird-bolt.
A thick, pointless arrow to kill birds without piercing them.
Bird-cage.
A box or case of wire, small sticks, wicker, or other suit
nace.
As such castings are never very sound, it is a method not often employed of late years.
Op′e-ra-glass.
A binocular telescope of the kind invented by Galileo, and with which that philosopher first observed the planetary disks and Jupiter's four moons.
This has a plano-concave or double-concave eyeglass, so that the image is not inverted and little light is lost, thus securing great distinctness.
See lens.
The object-glasses are now made achromatic, and are adjusted simul lens.) For telescopic purposes, a combination of lenses is required, — an objective and an eye-glass.
This was invented about 1608 by Lippersheim and by Galileo.
The latter turned it on the moon, and saw the shadows of the lunar mountains; on Jupiter, and discovered his satellites; on Saturn, and saw his bulging sides.
He supposed the planet to be triple, as his telescope was not of sufficient power to define the ring.
He afterward saw the phases of Venus and the spots on the sun. The refl
ying coach set forth that, however incredible it may appear, this coach will actually (barring accidents) arrive in London four days and a half after leaving Manchester.
Three years later the Liverpool flying coach undertook to do the distance between that city and London in three days.
No great improvements in speed were made until Palmer, who, according to De Quincey, was twice as great a man as Galileo, because he not only invented mail-coaches (of more general practical utility than Jupiter's satellites), but married the daughter of a duke and succeeded in getting the post-office to use them.
This revolutionized the whole business.
The Manchester mail did its 187 miles in 19 hours; the Liverpool mail its 203 miles in 20 hours 50 minutes; the Devonport mail its 227 miles in 20 hours; the Holyhead mail its 261 miles in 26 hours 55 minutes; while the Edinburgh mail traveled its whole distance of 400 miles in 40 hours. Other light coaches carrying passengers only rivaled the mai
htness, in 1671, the fifth in 1672, and the third and fourth in 1684, with an object-glass of Campani's having a focal length of 100-136 feet. The two innermost, or the first and second, were discovered in 1788 and 1789 by Herschel, with his colossal reflector.
The second satellite offers the remarkable phenomenon of performing its revolution around the principal planet in less than one of our days.
The telescopes which Galilco constructed himself, and others which he used for observing Jupiter's satellites, the phases of Venus, and the solar spots, magnified four, seven, and thirty-two times in linear dimensions, — never more.
The Arenarius of Archimedes says very distinctly that Aristarchus had confuted the astronomers who imagined the earth to be immovable in the center of the universe; that this center was occupied by the sun, which was immovable, like the other stars, while the earth revolved around it.
Turning the invention to immediate account, Galileo discovered the
kept casting about for men fit to do the work these men did, and, after long searching, at length found them.
Several were displaced, who would have, doubtless, succeeded in bringing us ultimate victory, had they been allowed a fair trial.
The errour was in supposing that men, capable of controlling such vast armies, and carrying on a war of such magnitude and covering almost a continent in its scope, were to be found ready-made.
They were not to leap forth, like Minerva from the head of Jupiter, completely panoplied and ready for the service to which they were determined.
A war of such magnitude, and covering the territories that ours did, would have staggered the genius of Napoleon, or the skill of Wellington, even at the close of their long experience and training.
To expect, therefore, that officers, who had never led ten thousand men to battle, were suddenly to become capable of wielding half a million, was absurd.
Both the army and the leaders, as well as the nation, had t
referred to Phoebus Apollo, who thus rules: The mother is not the parent of what is called her child, but only the nurse of the infant germ; for the male creates the offspring, while the female, like a host for a guest, preserves the young plant, when some god does not mar the increase.
He adds also, I will give you a proof of my assertion; there may be a father without a mother; and he then mentions the mythological tradition of the birth of Athena, or Minerva, from the head of Zeus, or Jupiter.
This fantastic argument is, of course, irresistible in the view of Greek mythology.
But the half truth which lies at the basis of it has always been springing up all over the world, not. alone among barbarous nations, but among the most civilized in the ancient and medieval worlds.
For instance, in a valuable paper on the social and family relations among Australian tribes, in the Smithsonian Report for 1883, by A. W. Howitt, we find just this same theory modifying the law of descent
on;
*)afrodi/th ga/mou plokai=s h(/detai. Tatian,Orat.
contra Graecos, c. 8. if she misleads, it is through sincere passion, not frivolity.
No cruelty comes where she dwells; no animal sacrifices are offered her, but only wreaths of flowers; and the month of April, when the earth stirs again into life, is her sacred time.
But love legitimately reaches its fulfilment in marriage.
After Aphrodite comes Hera (the Roman Juno), who, in the oldest mythology, is simply the wife of Zeus (or Jupiter), and the type and protector of marriage.
Her espousals are represented at the festivals as the Sacred Marriage.
*(iero\s ga/mos. She must be the twin sister of Zeus, as well as his wife, that there may be a more perfect equality, and their union for the same reason must be from birth, and, were it possible, before birth.
She is the only goddess who is legitimately and truly married, for Aphrodite is but the unwilling wife of Hephaistos, and bears him no children.
Hence Hera wears a dia
