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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
heat when exposed to fire. Hartley's patent, 1775, consisted of a plan for sheathing wooden work with thin iron plates. Earl Stanhope's plan was to pack all the interspaces of wood-work with incombustible material; preferably concrete. Of other English plans of late date may be cited, iron joists with concrete filling and upper bed supporting the flooring. See flooring, where several varieties are shown. Another plan is cellular joists of earthenware tubes imbedded in cement. Loudon recommends a floor of cement with imbedded ties of wrought-iron rods, supported by pillars at intervals; and double sides of concrete supported by panels or lattice, leaving intervening spaces between walls. In large fires, cast-iron is found to be a treacherous and destructible material, as was proved in Chicago, Boston, and elsewhere, fairly melting in the fire. Mr. Braidwood, of the London Fire Department, stated that iron columns were liable to give way suddenly, owing to the expans
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
th of a grain-scythe so as to catch the cut grain and allow it to be laid evenly in a swath. Our four-fingered grain-cradle, whose post is braced by rods, and whose swath has a single nib for the right hand, seems to have originated in France; Loudon (1844) speaks of it as an ordinary tool in Normandy. Grain-damp′er. A device for applying steam to grain to scald the bran and facilitate the process of decortication. A jet of steam entering a tube where the grain descends a series of incng husbandry in 1731. His special object in drilling was to put the plants in rows, which would allow them to be hoed by machinery. He brought brains and money to the scheme, and impoverished himself, being rather too far ahead of his time. As Loudon observes, he had very few followers in England for more than thirty years. He died soon after the publication of his book, and his son died in a debtors' prison, when such things were. Not so very long ago. Jethro Tull's first invention was
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
ed on Tournefort's, and called the natural system, in 1758. The latter is now accepted by such authorities as Lindley and London. The Linnaean was founded upon sexual differences, the classes being determined by the number of stamens, the orders by the number of pistils. The natural system of Jussieu is founded upon modes of growth and fructification. At the death of Linnaeus, the number of species described was 11,800. The number of species now recorded is probably nearly 100,000. See Loudon's Encyclopaedia of plants, 1829. Amateur collectors may be interested in hearing the statement of a German naturalist, that the catalogue of useful plants has risen to about 12,000, but that others will no doubt be discovered, as the researches yet made have been completed only in portions of the earth. Of these plants there are 1,350 varieties of edible fruits, berries, and seeds; 108 cereals; 37 onions; 460 vegetables and salads; 40 species of palms; 32 varieties of arrowroot; and 31 d
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
in 1417. Smithfield cattle-market was first paved in 1614. Blocks of wood set endways are a common pavement in Russia and Germany. Blocks of wood or stone inclosed in iron frames were in use in England thirty or forty years ago. In 1812, Loudon suggested laying cubic blocks on a foundation of flag-stones, or cast-iron plates on a bed of mortar. George Knight (Loudon, P. 3720), London, 1829, suggested laying the granite blocks on a macadamized foundation. This, with grouting for rendLoudon, P. 3720), London, 1829, suggested laying the granite blocks on a macadamized foundation. This, with grouting for rendering the pavement water-tight, and with under-drainage, is pronounced by Loudon one of the best modes of paving. Lieutenant Brown (England, 1830) suggested a gravel foundation, dressed blocks of granite laid in mortar and grouted. One form of the London pavement has granite blocks 6 × 4 inches on a bed of gravel, filled in with grouting, and solidified by a hot liquid cement of gas asphalt. A part of Broadway, between Chambers and Warren Streets, was laid in 1835 with hexagonal wooden
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
here, by means of riddles and blast, they are separated. The straw is delivered at the rear of the machine to a fan and spout, which carry it away and deliver it on to a stack. The shoe delivers the grain into sacks at a, the tailings fall into a pile at b, and the chaff at c. The thrashing-machine of Sir W. W. Wynne, at Wynnstay, Britain, is perhaps one of the most complete of which we have any account. An elaborate description of it, illustrated by cuts, is given in the supplement to Loudon's Cyclopaedia of agriculture, London. Thrashing-machine with oscillating straw-carrier. It separates the grain from the straw, and delivers each into its proper place without any other attention than feeding. The barn is on a declivity, and has three stories. The sheaves are carried into the upper one, where the thrasher is situated. On the second floor is the first winnower and chaff-house, communicating with the straw-house and cattle-yard. On the lower floor is the second winno