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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
A railway with an elevated track. Any railroad supported on a continuous viaduct may be said to be an elevated railway, but the term has lately received a rather more limited application. It is now particularly applied to city railroads whose track is so elevated as not to materially infringe upon the street area, already too limited for the convenience of the citizens and the traffic. The necessities for more convenient transportation of passengers in New York City, especially on Broadway, have perhaps given the greatest stimulus to invention in this line, and the question of elevated railway versus subterranean railway has been very thoroughly debated. The capitals and other large cities of the world were not originally laid out for the modern means of locomotion. We see in the cities of Asia the condition which formerly existed in European towns, — narrow streets without sidewalks, adapted for pedestrians, equestrians, pack-animals, and sedanchairs. Jeddo, Macao, and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
ying the granite blocks on a macadamized foundation. This, with grouting for rendering the pavement water-tight, and with under-drainage, is pronounced by Loudon one of the best modes of paving. Lieutenant Brown (England, 1830) suggested a gravel foundation, dressed blocks of granite laid in mortar and grouted. One form of the London pavement has granite blocks 6 × 4 inches on a bed of gravel, filled in with grouting, and solidified by a hot liquid cement of gas asphalt. A part of Broadway, between Chambers and Warren Streets, was laid in 1835 with hexagonal wooden blocks. Various foundations were tried: cobble-stones, flagging, and macadam. The upper surface of the pavement was coated with a layer of tar and gravel. An English patent, 1838, describes tapering wooden blocks boiled in tar and doweled together. A subsequent English inventor aggregated his blocks in clusters in iron frames, which were fitted together. In Parkin's English patent, 1840, the blocks are p