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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
ith. The character of the Sanscrit inscription, according to the English linguists of Hindostan, indicates a period at about A. D. 400. See forging. The examples cited from the writings of Moses, Hesiod, and Homer, the attestation of the recovered implements from Egypt and Nineveh, and the Egyptian paintings, render it useless to cite the facts within the notice of the gossiping and credulous Pliny, who professes to give the early history of the metal. Palestine, Asia Minor, Scythia, Elba, and Spain were each celebrated in their time for the production of iron. From Iberia the art spread to Gaul, and from the latter, probably, to Germany. An army of Gauls was defeated by the Romans, 222 B. C., chiefly because the swords of the former bent after a blow or two, and required straightening by the foot, while the superior metal of the Romans stood the brunt. Strabo mentions that one of the exports of Britain was iron; the bold islanders met their invaders with scythes, hooks
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
he ore is of extraordinary purity. At a moderate red heat, a mixture of finely pounded charcoal and oxide of iron will have the effect of eliminating the oxygen, and this process is believed to have been in use in ancient times in the island of Elba. The ore is remarkable for its freedom from earthy impurities, and after breaking into small pieces was imbedded in charcoal on the floor of a reverberatory furnace. After the oxygen was separated by the action of the charcoal, the temperature w to the bottom of the crucible in a carbonized state, differing in respect of its greater proportion of carbon from the spongy and less fusible mass of iron, such as was produced by the processes above referred to as carried on in ancient times in Elba, both anciently and more lately in India and Styria, and elsewhere. This clears up much of the difficulty in the reading of the ancient records, where iron always appears in a malleable form, the tools used by the workers in iron consisting inv