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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Acadia, or Acadie, (search)
at a place named Port Royal (now Annapolis), by Poutrincourt, a bosom friend of De Monts, but it was broken up in 1613, by Argall, from Virginia. These French emigrants built cottages sixteen years before the Pilgrims landed on the shores of New England. When English people came, antagonisms arising from difference of religion and nationality appeared, and, after repeated struggles between the English and French for the possession of Acadia, it was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. But for many years not a dozen English families were seen there. The descendants of the early French settlers occupied the land, and were a peaceable, pastoral people, who never engaged in the forays of the French and Indians along the New England frontiers. They were attached to their fatherland and their religion, and they refused to fight against the former or abjure the latter. This attitude was accorded to them by solemn agreements, and they were known as French neutrals.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Anne, Queen, (search)
out 7,000 men, departed for the St. Lawrence. Meanwhile. Nicholson had proceeded to Albany, where a force of about 4,000) men were gathered, a portion of them Iroquois Indians. These forces commenced their march towards Canada Aug. 28. Walker, like Braddock nearly fifty years later. haughtily refused to listen to experienced subordinates, and lost eight ships and about 1,000 men on the rocks at the mouth of the St. Lawrence on the night of Sept. 2. Disheartened by this calamity, Walker returned to England with the remainder of the fleet. and the colonial troops went back to Boston. On hearing of this failure, the land force marching to attack Montreal retraced their steps. Hostilities were now suspended, and peace was, concluded by the treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713. The eastern Indians sued for peace. and at Portsmouth the governors of Massachusetts and New Hampshire made a covenant of peace July 24) with the chiefs of the hostile tribes. A peace of thirty years ensued.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arbitration, international Court of, (search)
weden and Norway. Mr. S. R. D. K. d'olivecrona, member of the International Law institute, ex-Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Sweden, Doctor of Laws and Letters at Stockholm. Mr. G. Gram, ex-Minister of State of Norway, Governor of the Province of Hamar, Norway. United States. Mr. Benjamin Harrison, ex-President of the United States. Mr. Melville W. Fuller, Chief-Justice of the United States. Mr. John W. Griggs, Attorney-General of the United States. Mr. George Gray, United States Circuit Judge. First Secretary of the Court — J. J. Rochussen. Second Secretary of the Court — Jonkheer W. Roell. the administrative council. The Administrative Council consists of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the diplomatic representatives at The hague of the ratifying powers. Secretary-General--Mr. R. Melvil, Baron van Leyden, Judge of the District Court of Utrecht and a member of the First Chamber of the States-Gene
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Brooklyn, (search)
f Kings county, N. Y., at the west end of Long Island; since Jan. 1, 1898, one of the five boroughs of the city of New York. Under the census of 1890 it was the fourth city in population in the United States-806,343; under that of 1900 the borough had a population of 1,166,582. In 1900 the area was 66.39 square miles; assessed valuation of taxable property, $695,335,940; and net debt, $70,005,384. The borough derived its name from Breuckelen ( marshy land ), a place in the province of Utrecht, Holland. The The Brooklyn Bridge. first movement towards settlement there was the purchase of land from the Indians, in 1636, lying at Gowanus, and of land at Wallabout Bay, in 1637. A ferry between it and New Amsterdam was established in 1642. It held a leading position among the towns for wealth and population at the time of the surrender to the English. At or near Brooklyn occurred the battle of Long Island (see long Island, battle of), in 1776. The government established a navy-yard
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Canada (search)
nd the inhabitants, not more than 100 in all, were saved from starvation. By a treaty, Canada was restored to the French in 1632. In the early history of the colony, the governors, in connection with the intendant, held the military and civil administration in their hands. Jesuit and other priests became conspicuous in the public service. Finally, when a bishop was appointed for Quebec, violent dissensions occurred between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. Until the treaty of Utrecht (1713), Canada included all of present British America, and more. At that time Hudson Bay and vicinity was restored to England by Louis XIV. Newfoundland and Acadia (Nova Scotia) were ceded to the English, and all right to the Iroquois country (New York) was renounced, reserving to France only the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. The easy conquest of Louisburg revived a hope that Canada might be conquered. Governor Shirley proposed to the ministers to have the task perf
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Declaration of Independence, Dutch. (search)
leges of this country or of other the like maladministration. We further command the president and members of the privy council, chancellor of the Duchy of Brabant, also the chancellor of the Duchy of Gueldres, and county of Zutphen, to the president and members of the council of Holland, to the receivers of great officers of Beoosterscheldt and Bewesterscheldt in Zealand, to the president and council of Frise, and to the Escoulet of Mechelen, to the president and members of the council of Utrecht, and to all other justiciaries and officers whom it may concern, to the lieutenants all and every of them, to cause this our ordinance to be published and proclaimed throughout their respective jurisdictions, in the usual places appointed for that purpose, that none may plead ignorance. And to cause our said ordinance to be observed inviolably, punishing the offenders impartially and without delay; for so 'tis found expedient for the public good. And, for better maintaining all and every
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), George (Augustus) 1683- (search)
prepared to begin the contest in America as King George's War; in Europe, the War of the Austrian Succession. A contest arose between Maria Theresa, Empress of Hungary, and the Elector of Bavaria, for the Austrian throne. The King of England espoused the cause of the empress, while the King of France took part with her opponent. This caused France to declare war against Great Britain. The French had built the strong fort of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, after the treaty of Utrecht, and, because of its strength, it was called the Gibraltar of America. When the war was proclaimed, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, perceiving the importance of that place in the coming contest, plans for its capture were speedily laid before the Massachusetts legislature. That body hesitated, but the measure was finally agreed upon by a majority of only one vote. Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut furnished their proper quota of troops. New York sent artillery, and Pennsy
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Livingston, John Henry 1746- (search)
Livingston, John Henry 1746- Clergyman; born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., May 30, 1746; graduated at Yale College in 1762; and studied theology at Utrecht, Holland, where he was ordained by the Classis of Amsterdam. While in Holland he successfully worked for the independence of the American Dutch Reformed Church from the Dutch Classis. He settled as a pastor in New York; but when that city was taken possession of by the British he went on foot to Albany, and thence to Kingston, and finally to Poughkeepsie, whence, at the close of the war, he returned to New York. He was held in high esteem by his denomination; and in 1807 was chosen president of Queen's (now Rutgers) College, at New Brunswick, N. J., which post he held until his death, Jan. 20, 1825.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Louisburg. (search)
Louisburg. The fortress of Louisburg, on the Island of Cape Breton, was built by the French soon after the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. Its cost was great, its strength enormous, and so long as the French held it it was a source of annoyance to New England and of support to Canada. When, in 1746, France declared war against Great Britain Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, perceived the great importance of driving the French from it. He proposed to the Massachusetts legislature the bold project of attempting its capture, and after some hesitation a colonial expedition for the purpose was authorized, Jan. 25, 1745, by a vote of a majority of one. A circular letter, soliciting aid, was sent to all the colonies as far south as Pennsylvania. The latter voted £ 4,000 currency, to purchase provisions. New Jersey furnished £ 2,000 towards the expedition, but declined to furnish any men. The New York Assembly contributed £ 3,000 currency, but Governor Clinton sent, besides, a quanti
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Ohio land Company, the (search)
nown as The Ohio land Company, obtained from the crown a grant of 500,000 acres of land on the east bank of the Ohio River, with the exclusive privilege of the Indian traffic International, or at least intercolonial, disputes immediately occurred. The French claimed, by right of discovery, the whole region watered by the tributaries of the Mississippi River. The English set up a claim, in the name of the Six Nations, as under British protection, and which was recognized by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), to the region which they had formerly conquered, and which included the whole eastern portion of the Mississippi Valley and the basin of the lower lakes, Erie and Ontario. These conflict ing claims at once embarrassed the operations of the Ohio Land Company. It was provided by their charter that they were to pay no quit-rent for ten years; to colonize at least 100 families within seven years; General Putnam's land office at Marietta. and, at their own
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