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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
b-compasses. Bullet-extractor. Bullet-ex-tract′or. A pair of pinchers with projecting claws, adapted to imbed themselves in a bullet so as to draw it from its bed and extract it. When closed, these form a smooth, blunt surface, like a probe, and are opened against the bullet so as to spread apart the vessels which might oppose the retraction. Bul′let-hook. A hook-ended tool for extracting bullets. An iron bullet-hook was disinterred at Pompeii in 1819 by Dr. Savenko, of St. Petersburg. It was in company with a number of other surgical instruments. See probe. Bul′let-la′dle. One for melting lead to run bullets. It is usually a hemispherical ladle with a spout, but in one case the ladle has a hole in the bottom guarded by a spring plug and operated by a trigger on the handle; in another case a part of the ladle is covered, and the lead thus flows out at a guarded opening which keeps back the dross of oxide. Bul′let-mak′ing ma-chine. Leaden bullets,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
gland. The charge was inserted in an iron cylinder, which was fixed by wedges in its place in the breech of the gun. Breech-loading cannon were introduced by Daniel Spekle, who died in 1589, and by Uffanus. Cannon of ice were made at St. Petersburg in 1740, and repeatedly fired, — a whim. All the rifled cannon in the British service of less than 6 3-inch caliber are breech-loaders. At the siege of Badajoz, the firing was continued for 104 hours, and the number of rounds fired fromer. We read of it in Hippocrates. Layard noticed the use in Mesopotamia; Burton among the Egyptians. The cautery was a favorite surgical instrument with ancient chirurgeons. One of iron, shaped like a spade, was found by Dr. Savenko, of St. Petersburg, 1819, in the house of a Roman surgeon in the Via Consularis, Pompeii. The cauter is used by farriers in veterinary operations. Cau′thee. （Fabric.) A coarse East India cotton cloth. Cauting-i′ron. A searing-iron. See caute
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
tive metal placed in a bath of sulphate of copper became covered with copper and would stand burnishing. It was not until 1838 that Mr. Spencer gave it a practical bearing by making casts of coin and casts in intaglio from the matrices thus formed. Professor Jacobi of Dorpat, in Russia, had been an independent inventor, and in the same year brought forward specimens which were much admired and caused him to be put in charge of gilding the iron dome of the Cathedral of St. Isaac at St. Petersburg. This dome weighs about 448,000 pounds, and was electro-gilded with 274 pounds of ducat gold. The process, briefly described, is as follows: — The voltaic current employed is supplied by a constant battery, such as Daniells's or Bunsen's. In the simple form, the galvanic current is produced in the same vessel in which the metallic deposit is effected. The outer vessel K of glass, stone-ware, or wood, contains a solution of the metallic salt, — say sulphate of copper. A smaller v
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
Spans.Span. Feet.Rise. Feet.Weight. Tons.Architect. 1779CoalbrookdaleSevern1100.545378 5 English tons of 2,240 pounds.Darby & Wilkinson. 1795BuildwasSevern113027173.9 English tons of 2,240 pounds.Telford. 1796SunderlandWear.124030260 English tons of 2,240 pounds.Wilson. 1818Southwark c, Fig. 2701. Thames3240 And two side arches of 210 feet span each.245,308 English tons of 2,240 pounds.Rennie. 1836 Carrousel Scine318715.5Poloncean. 1859TarasconRhone204 416.6 1854St. PetersburgNeva15013.8 New BlackfriarsThames5185 And four spans of 155, 175, 175, 155 feet; roadway and sidewalk, 75 feet wide.17 Georgetown Aqueduct Two cast-iron pipes having a water-way of 42 inches, arched in form, carrying the roadway and forming conduits for the water supply of Washington.Rock Creek120020Meigs. In 1801 Telford proposed a cast-iron bridge (a, Fig. 2701) of 600 feet span across the Thames, and 2701) in preference to the suspension-bridge of 570 feet span erected by h
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
e types. They claim that ten thousand different shades of color are necessary; and in order to do this kind of work a man must be as skilled in colors and shades as a painter, in order to place the colors properly, and then be the most careful and accurate of mechanics, in order to fit the pieces; and he must have patience enough to work on cheap pictures one year and on a fine one from ten to twenty years. Some wonderful specimens of mosaic are to be seen at the Imperial works, St. Petersburg, Russia. Roman mosaic consists of pieces of artificial enamel, in place of natural stone. The enamel is drawn out into rods of various sizes, cut into lengths, and arranged in cases something after the manner of printing type, the boxes containing each a different shade or color. Glass mosaic is made of rods, shreds, or hairs of glass enamels of various colors arranged side by side, so that their ends show the pattern. The bundle of glass rods, being cemented by heat, may be cut ac
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
The porcelain probe for the discovery and removal of leaden balls lodged in the body was devised by Nelaton It has at its extremity a small rugous or wrinkled porcelain ball, which becomes blackened in contact with a leaden bullet. Probes of iron were found in Pompeii, in the Via Consularis, in a dwelling, the supposed former residence of a surgeon. Spatulas, cauting-irons, forceps, needles, catheters, and lancets in iron and copper or bronze, were also found there by Dr. Savenko of St. Petersburg, 1819. Trouveas electric probe. The electrical probe of M. Trouve consists of two pointed steel wires projecting about four inches from an ivory handle. They are surrounded near their points by a tube of vulcanite inclosed in a slotted tube of German silver, and may be moved slightly forward so as to project beyond this by means of a button to which they are connected, sliding in the slot. The other ends of the wire are connected with the terminals of a galvanic battery, forming
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
ngland30.0 Truro, England44.0 Cambridge, England24.9 York, England23 Borrowdale, England141.54 Dublin, Ireland29.1 Cork, Ireland40.2 Limerick, Ireland35 Armagh, Ireland36.12 Aberdeen, Scotland28.87 Glasgow, Scotland21.33 Bergen, Norway88.61 Stockholm20.4 Copenhagen18.35 Berlin23.56 Mannheim22.47 Prague14.1 Cracow13.3 Brussels28.06 Paris22.64 Geneva31.07 Milan38.01 Rome30.86 Naples29.64 Marseilles23.4 Lisbon27.1 Coimbra Port118.8 Bordeaux34.00 Algiers36.99 St Petersburg17.3 Simpheropol, Crimea14.83 Kutais (E shore of Black Sea）59.44 Bakou (S of Caspian)13.38 Ekatherinburg, Ural Mts.14.76 Barnaoul, Siberia11.80 Pekin, China26.93 Canton, China69.30 Singapore, Malacca97 Sierra Leone, Africa86.2 Uttray Mullay, India267.2 Madras, India44.6 Calcutta, India76.4 Cherrapoonjee, India592 Khasia, India610 Raised up-on′. （Shipbuilding.) Having the upper works hightened; the opposite of razeed. Rais′er. （Carpentry.) The front of a s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ones; its monolithic character is said to be second only to the Church of St. Isaac's at St Petersburg, Russia. The derrick-crane was used on this building, and on the Capitol Extension also. Fig of copper by electro-metallurgy upon a core or model of clay. The church of St. Isaac at St. Petersburg is decorated with a large number of statues and figures in relief obtained by this process. hammer. Fig. 5690 illustrates a large steam-hammer at the Alexandrowski Steel Works, St. Petersburg, Russia. This was originally a 35-ton hammer, the arched standards springing from the ground liposit, which caused him to be put in charge of the work of gilding the dome of St. Isaac, at St. Petersburg. Electrotyping originated with Mr. Joseph A. Adams, a woodengraver, of New York, who madend was brought from E'Sooan to Thebes, 138 miles The pedestal of Peter the Great's statue in St Petersburg is estimates to weigh 1,200 tons. Herodotus describes a block of stone brought from Elephan
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
ay, Newfoundland, to Cape North, Cape Breton74360 1855*Sardinia to Africa1601,500 1855*Varna, Turkey, to Balaclava, Crimea310300 1855*Eupatoria, Crimea, to Balaclava, Crimea6069 1855*Varna, Turkey, to Kilia, Roumania17930 1855*Italy to Sicily527 1855*England to Holland12323 1855*England to Holland11923 1856*Cape Ray, Newfoundland, to Cape North, Cape Breton85300 1856Prince Edward Island to New Brunswick1214 1856*Crete to Alexandria, Egypt3501,350 1856Crete to Syra1701,020 1856St. Petersburg to Cronstadt, Russia1010 1856Across Amazon105 1857*Sardinia to Bona, Africa1501,500 1857*Sardinia to Malta5001,000 1857*Corfu to Malta5001,000 1857*Portland, England, to Alderney6960 1857*Alderney to Guernsey1744 1857*Guernsey to Jersey1560 1857Ceylon to Hindostan3045 1857Ceylon to Hindostan3040 1858*Italy to Sicily840 1858England to Holland12927 1858*England to Emden, Germany28028 1858*Ireland to Newfoundland2,0362,400 1858*Turkey to Smyrna via Archipelago5651,100 1859*Cr
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
appear that they had any true glaze. That came from China many a long year after. See glaze; pottery. The Chinese are said to make varnish by beating together fresh blood with quicklime, which is extensively used as a coating for wooden articles which they wish to make completely water-tight. Von Scherzer, who first introduced this substance to the notice of Europeans, says he has seen in Pekin wooden chests that had been varnished with it, which, after a journey over Siberia to St. Petersburg and back, were still sound and perfectly water-tight. Even baskets of straw used for the transportation of oils are made fit for the purpose by means of this varnish. Pasteboard coated with it becomes, both in appearance and firmness, like wood. Articles requiring to be absolutely impervious are varnished twice, or at the most three times, by the Chinese. See also lacquer. Var′nish-ing. （Photography.) The protection of a finished photographic negative by flooding it with a