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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
y rotting, either in ponds or by exposure to dew. In either case a fermentation ensues which renders the gluten soluble in water. Caustic alkali has the same effect on gluten, and forms the basis of many modern processes where by woody fiber is rendered suitable for spinning or for paper pulp. The next process is to break and scutch the flax to detach and remove the rind and cellulose matter, and prepare the fiber for hackling and subsequent operations. In one large establishment in Leeds, England, the series of machines is as follows: — The seed is removed by rollers which act upon the bolls. Then come the flax-braking machines; these have fluted or grooved rollers, between which the flax stem is made to pass, so that the woody portion becomes thoroughly broken without cutting the fiber. Next come the flax-scutching machines, in which revolving blades or arms beat out the woody fragments, and the fibers are to a certain degree separated. After this the flax-hackling machine
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
into a rack on one side of the track. The engine (A, Fig. 2984) was otherwise supported on four wheels. The fire was built in a large tube passing through the boiler, and the tube was bent up at the end to form a chimney. Two vertical cylinders were placed above the boiler, and the pistons were connected by cross-heads and connecting-rods to cranks on the axles of spur-pinions, which geared into the main spur-wheel, which formed the driver. It was long used on a colliery railway between Leeds and Middletown, 3 1/2 miles distant, and perhaps was the first successful locomotive in regular use. It drew trains of 30 tons weight 3 3/4 miles per hour. In 1812, Blackett made a series of experiments which proved that the expedient of a pinion and rack-rail was unnecessary; and Chapman patented a A, Blenkinsop's locomotive (1811). B, Hedley's locomotive (1813）> locomotive with eight wheels driven by gearing, for the purpose of increasing the tractive adhesion. In the same year, Br
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
le acting. The Brooklyn pumping-engine cylinder is 85 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke; the bucket is 51 1/2 inches in diameter The Pittsburg engine is 64 inches diameter, 11 feet stroke. The plungers are 4 in number, of 100 tons each, driving water into the Highland reservoir, 356 feet above. The Lehigh Zinc-Works engine is 110 1/4 inches, 10 feet stroke; estimated to raise 15,000 gallons per minute from a depth of 300 feet. Fig. 4037 is a form of pumping-engine constructed at Leeds for the use of the state railways in India. a is the cylinder. The cross-head of the piston-rod reciprocates between the upright guides b c. The crank-shaft d carries on its outer end a pinion c gearing with the two wheels f g, to which the upper ends of the pump-pistons are connected by sliding forks in such a way that their stroke may be lengthened or shortened at pleasure. Steam pumping-engine, India state railways. Winding and pumping engine. Fig. 4038 illustrates an engine ad
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
of which are afterward twisted or plaited together to form a rope, which is immersed in a solution that tends to preserve and render it more pliable. Ropes of this material are preferred to chain, hemp, or manilla for tiller ropes, being stronger than the two latter, and not liable to break suddenly like the first. A mode of making small belting from raw-hide by cutting into a continuous strip, stretching, and afterward treating with a preservative solution, was patented by a firm in Leeds, England. Raw-silk. Reeled silk wound from the cocoons, several fibers forming one thread. The cocoons are immersed in warm water to soften the natural gum on the filaments, and the ends of a number being gathered are wound as a single thread upon the reel. When the skein is dry, it is made into a hank. See silk-reel. Ra-za′go. （Fabric.) Coarse tow-cloth of Spain. Ra-zee′. （Nautical.) A vessel cut down to a less number of decks, as from a two-decker to a frigate. The
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
es, is a slide-valve of such length as to govern the ports at the ends of the cylinder, and thereby bring them alternately in connection with the middle or bridge part at which the steam is inducted, and with the open part of the valve-chamber, which has a connection, through the hollow back of the valve, with the eduction passage to the condenser. The long slide was invented by Murdoch, of the firm of Boulton and Watt. The slide-valve was substituted for the steam-cock by Murray, of Leeds, England, in 1810. The slide-valve is placed in the steam-chest to work over the steam-ports by which live steam from the boiler is admitted to the cylinder, and exhaust steam from the latter is allowed to pass to the condenser or to atmosphere, as the case may be. Its form is arched, and it has a flat face all round, which works steam-tight on the valve-seat. The arched cavity in the valve is constantly in connection with the steam-induction pipe s, and the live steam from this cavity is a