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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Allouez, Claude Jean, 1620- (search)
Allouez, Claude Jean, 1620- One of the earliest French missionaries and explorers of the country near the Great Lakes; born in 1620. After laboring among the Indians on the St. Lawrence several years, he penetrated the Western wilds and established a mission on the western shores of Lake Michigan, where he heard much about the Mississippi River, and made notes of what he learned concerning it. He explored Green Bay, and founded a mission among the Foxes, Miamis, and other tribes there. A mission begun by Marquette at Kaskaskia, Ill., Allouez sought to make his permanent field of labor; but when La Salle, the bitter opponent of the Jesuits, approached in 1679, he retired. Returning to the Miamis on the St. Joseph's River, he labored for a while, and died, Aug. 27, 1689. The contributions of Father Allouez to the Jesuit relations are most valuable records of the ideas and manners of the Indians.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Black Hawk (search)
Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tae-mish-kia-kiak), a famous Indian: born in Kaskaskia, Ill., in 1767. He was a Pottawattomie by birth, but became a noted chief of the Saes and Foxes. He was accounted a brave when he was fifteen years of age, and soon afterwards led expeditions of war parties against the Osage Indians in Missouri and the Cherokees in Georgia. He became head chief of the Sacs when he was twenty-one years old (1788). Inflamed by Tecumseh and presents from the British agents, he joined the British in the War of 1812-15, with the commission of brigadier-general, leading about 500 warriors. He again reappeared in history in hostilities against the white people on the Northwestern frontier settlements in 1832. In that year eight of a party of Chippewas, on a visit to Fort Snelling, on the west banks of the upper Mississippi, were killed or wounded by a party of Sioux. Four of the latter were afterwards captured by the commander of the garrison at Fort Snelling and delivered u
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Burr, Aaron, 1716- (search)
of conquest there which Burr might contemplate or attempt. This design he communicated to Cushing, and obtained from the bearer of the letters such information as excited his alarm to a high pitch. The young man (named Swartwout) stated that he and another (named Ogden) had been sent by Burr from Philadelphia; that they had carried despatches from Burr to General Adair, of Kentucky, who was a party to the scheme; that they hastened towards St. Louis in search of Wilkinson, but learned at Kaskaskia that he had descended the river; that they followed to the mouth of the Red River, when Ogden went on to New Orleans with despatches to Burr's friends there, and he (Swartwout) had hastened to Wilkinson's headquarters. He said Burr was supported by a numerous and powerful association, extending from New York to New Orleans; that several thousand men were prepared for an expedition against the Mexican provinces; that the Territory of Orleans would be revolutionized — for which the inhabita
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Clark, or Clarke, George Rogers -1818 (search)
te of Louisville, where thirteen families, following in his train, located on an island in the Ohio (June, 1778). There Clark was joined by some Kentuckians, and, descending the river some distance farther, hid his boats and marched to attack Kaskaskia (now in Illinois), one of the old French settlements near the Mississippi. The expeditionists were nearly George Rogers Clark. starved when they reached the town. Taken entirely by surprise, the inhabitants submitted (July 4, 1778) without resistance. Cahokia and two other posts near also submitted. In the possession of the commandant of Kaskaskia were found letters directing him to stimulate the Indians to hostilities. Clark established friendly relations with the Spanish commander at St. Louis, across the Mississippi. The French inhabitants in that region, being told of the alliance between France and the United States, became friendly to the Americans. The Kaskaskians, and also those of Vincennes, on the Wabash, took an o
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), French forts in America. (search)
French forts in America. The French, for the security of the interior territory of America, built a fort in the Illinois country, in lat. 41° 30′, as a check upon the several tribes of the Sioux who were not in alliance with them. They also built a fort at the junction of the Illinois and a large tributary, and five other forts from the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers to Kaskaskia. The fort at the latter place was regarded as of great importance, because it was the pass and outlet of the convoys of Louisiana and of the traders and hunters of the post at Detroit, and that of the greater part of the savage nations. Another, on the banks of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Tennessee River, was considered the key of the colony of Louisiana, and would obstruct the designs of the English in alienating the Indians of the Ohio. It would also, Vaudreuil thought, restrain the incursions of the Cherokees on the Wabash and Mississippi rivers, check the Chickasaws, an
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), French settlements in America. (search)
ld not render them assistance. Their jealousy had been excited against the latter by a claim of Bellomont to build forts on their territory, and they were induced to send a deputation to a grand assembly at Montreal of all the Indian allies of the French. There a treaty of friendship was concluded; and so the French, who had been restrained by the hostility of the Iroquois Confederacy, secured a free passage towards the Mississippi. Almost immediately 100 settlers, with a Jesuit leader, were sent to take possession of the strait between lakes Erie and St. Clair. They built a fort, and called the spot Detroit, the French name for a strait or sound. It soon became the favorite settlement of western Canada. Villages of French settlers soon grew up around the Jesuit missionary stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, between the mouths of the Illinois and Ohio. These movements occasioned no little alarm to the English in New York and New England.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Garfield, James Abram 1831-1881 (search)
uthorized him, in the name of Virginia, to capture the military posts held by the British in the Northwest. Armed with this authority, he proceeded to Pittsburg, where he obtained ammunition and floated it down the river to Kentucky, succeeded in enlisting seven companies of pioneers, and in the month of June, 1778, commenced his march through the untrodden wilderness to the region of the Illinois. With a daring that is scarcely equalled in the annals of war, he captured the garrisons of Kaskaskia, St. Vincent, and Cahokia, and sent his prisoners to the governor of Virginia, and by his energy and skill won over the French inhabitants of that region to the American cause. In October, 1778, the House of Burgesses passed an act declaring that all the citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia, who are already settled there, or shall hereafter be settled on the west side of the Ohio, shall be included in the District of Kentucky, which shall be called Illinois county. In other words,
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Gibault, Peter (search)
Gibault, Peter Roman Catholic priest. The bishop of Quebec in 1770 sent him to the territory now included in Illinois and Louisiana. He lived a portion of the time in Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Genevieve. During the Revolutionary War, through his influence, the settlers in this territory, who were mostly French, became ardent advocates of the American cause, and he also induced the Indians to remain neutral. Judge Law says: Next to Clark and Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Illinois. (search)
Illinois. The site of the present State was first explored by Marquette and Joliet, French missionaries from Canada, in 1763, who were followed by La Salle and Hennepin. Twenty years later mission stations were established at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria; and early in the eighteenth century a French monastery was established at Kaskaskia. By the treaty of 1763, the Illinois country, as it was called, passed under the jurisdiction of the English. By the treaty of 1783 it was ceded tKaskaskia. By the treaty of 1763, the Illinois country, as it was called, passed under the jurisdiction of the English. By the treaty of 1783 it was ceded to the United States, and it formed a part of the Northwest Territory. The country conquered by General Clarke, in 1778-79, the Virginia Assembly erected into a county, which they called Illinois. It embraced all State seal of Illinois. territory north of the Ohio claimed as within the limits of Virginia, and ordered 500 men to be raised for its defence. In 1809, when the present boundaries of Indiana were defined, Illinois included Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota, and in 1810 contained m
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Kaskaskia. (search)
Kaskaskia. The Illinois country under the rule of the French contained six distinct settlements, one of which was Kaskaskia, situated upon the Kaskaskia River, 5 miles above its mouth, and within 2 miles of the Mississppi River. Kaskaskia, under the French regime, was, comparatively speaking, a large town, containing from 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. When the French were expelled from this region by the British and Americans, the population rapidly decreased. On July 5, 1778, the town wkaskia River, 5 miles above its mouth, and within 2 miles of the Mississppi River. Kaskaskia, under the French regime, was, comparatively speaking, a large town, containing from 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. When the French were expelled from this region by the British and Americans, the population rapidly decreased. On July 5, 1778, the town was captured by the Americans under George Rogers Clarke (q. v.), who was acting under authorization of Patrick Henry, at that time governor of Virginia.
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