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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
differ. Ptolemies Soter, Philadelphus, and Euergetes were its patrons. Philadelphus added the famous library of Aristotle to the collection. It was much injured by fire in the siege of Julius Caesar. Antony added to it the library of Pergamus, collected by Eumenes. It was afterward injured by Theodosius, and destroyed by the Arabs, A. D. 640. The first public library of Rome was founded by Asinius Pollio, on Mt. Aventine. This was followed by the libraries of Augustus, Octavia, and Tiberius. The Ulpian library of Trajan was attached by Diocletian to his thermae. A furnished library was discovered in Herculaneum. Round the wall it had numbered cases containing the rolls. It is recorded that Plato bought three works of Philolaus, the Pythagorean, for ten thousand denarii, nearly $1500. Aristotle bought a few books of Spencippus for three Attic talents, nearly $2800. Jerome, A. D. 420, states that he ruined himself by buying a copy of the works of Origen. Alfred the Gre
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
nt of three curious cups of glass which reflected like a pigeon's neck a variety of colors. Flexible glass is referred to by Pliny, Petronius, Dion Cassius, and others who copied from them. The two former refer to vases made in the time of Tiberius. It is not fully credited. Julius Caesar found the Britons in possession of glass beads, which they probably obtained of the Phoenicians in return for tin. Rome had few glass windows till the reign of Nero. Some are found in the ruins of Pomployed. Crystals of gypsum are generally in the form of more or less compressed rhomboids, which are easily divisible into thin laminae by splitting them parallel to their two broad planes. Such laminae were employed at Rome in the reign of Tiberius for many of the purposes for which we at present use glass. Spain and Cappadocia furnished the best, sometimes of the length of five feet. This variety of gypsum was known by the name of Lapis Specularis, from the use to which it was applied, n
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
ession of the equinoxes. — London Monthly Magazine. Modern attempts to bring the matter within the present range of written history cite the era of the Ptolemies as the date of the projected zodiac. A smaller planisphere of the same temple, Dendera, was removed to Paris in 1821. Visconti judged from the position of the signs that the zodiac in the ceiling of the pronaos of Dendera was constructed between A. D. 12 and A. D. 132, — a conclusion fortified by the reading of the name of Tiberius. It is not certain that the planisphere in another apartment is so modern. Plank. 1. A board more than nine inches in width. 2. The board of a petard. 3. The frame of a printing-press on which the carriage slides. 4. The timbers which cover the ribs of a vessel and form the skin. Also those of the deck. 5. To unite slivers of wool in forming roving. 6. To harden by felting; said of hat-bodies after forming. They are planked or hardened to give them solidity, thickness
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
l. Stone-bow. A cross-bow for shooting stones. Stone-break′er. A machine for crushing or hammering stone. See ore-crusher; ore-mill. Stone-breaker's hammer. Stone-break′er's Ham′mer. A hammer having a head of an oblately spheroidal form, with the handle in line of its axis. Stone bridge. Stone bridges appear to have originated among the Romans, who were the first to employ the arch on an extended scale. One with six arches, commenced by Augustus and finished by Tiberius, as its inscription indicates, still exists at Rimini. Others, some of which are yet in service, constructed by that remarkable people, are found, touched to a greater or less degree by the hand of time, in different parts of the former Roman Empire. Their stability, no doubt, was in great part due to the massive character of their foundations, as the builders, not employing the coffer-dam, used immense quantities of stone. (See coffer-dam.) Trajan (A. D. 105) built a magnificent bridge <
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
in ancient Sanscrit writings. In the Edda we read of the intestines of a cat being made into a cord for Lok, the evil one of the Scandinavian myths. The lyre-strings, said to have been invented by Lynus as a substitute for thongs of leather or twisted strings of flax, were made of sheep's intestines, oiwn xordas of Homer. Catgut is the nerviclus of the Middle Ages. A representation of the Anglo-Saxon fithele is given in a Ms. of the eleventh century in the British Museum. (Cotton, Tiberius, c. 6.) The instrument is pear-shaped, had four strings, and has no apparent bridge. A German fiddle of the ninth century is also shown, copied by Gerbert from the Ms. of St. Blasius; it has only one string. German fiddles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are also shown. The Nibelungenlied Volker is described as wielding the fiddle-bow as dexterously as the sword. Paintings of a fiddle on the interior of the roof of Peterborough (England) Cathedral date from the twelfth centu