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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), German mercenaries. (search)
Parliament in the autumn of 1775, that body, stimulated by Lord North, the premier, and Lord George Germain, secretary for the colonies, and at the suggestion of Admiral Howe, promptly voted 25,000 men for service against the Americans. It was difficult to obtain enlistments in Great Britain, and mercenaries were sought in Germany. At the close of the year, and at the beginning of 1776, bargains were effected between representatives of the British government and the reigning princes of Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau, Brunswick, Anhalt, Anspach, and Waldeck. In the bargains, the fundamental law of trade—supply and demand—prevailed. The King of England had money, but lacked troops; the German rulers had troops, but wanted money. The bargain was a natural one on business principles; the morality of the transaction was another affair. About 30,000 German troops, most of them well disciplined, were hired. The German rulers were to receive for each soldier a bounty of $35, besides an annu
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Hessians. (search)
Total5,723 Returned in the autumn of 17832,708 ——— Did not return3,015 Hesse-Cassel sent in 177612,805 Hesse-Cassel sent in December, 1777403 Hesse-Cassel senHesse-Cassel sent in December, 1777403 Hesse-Cassel sent in March, 1779993 Hesse-Cassel sent in May, 1780915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1781915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1782961 ——— Total16,992 Returned in the auHesse-Cassel sent in March, 1779993 Hesse-Cassel sent in May, 1780915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1781915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1782961 ——— Total16,992 Returned in the autumn of 1783 and the spring of 178410,492 ——— Did not return6,500 Hesse-Hanau, under various treaties2,038 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 178150 Hesse-HaHesse-Cassel sent in May, 1780915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1781915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1782961 ——— Total16,992 Returned in the autumn of 1783 and the spring of 178410,492 ——— Did not return6,500 Hesse-Hanau, under various treaties2,038 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 178150 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 1782334 ——— Total2,422 Returned in the autumn of 17831,441 ——— Did not return981 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 17771,603 Anspach-BayrHesse-Cassel sent in April, 1781915 Hesse-Cassel sent in April, 1782961 ——— Total16,992 Returned in the autumn of 1783 and the spring of 178410,492 ——— Did not return6,500 Hesse-Hanau, under various treaties2,038 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 178150 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 1782334 ——— Total2,422 Returned in the autumn of 17831,441 ——— Did not return981 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 17771,603 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1779157 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1780152 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1781205 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1782236 ——— Total2,353 Returned in the autumn ofHesse-Cassel sent in April, 1782961 ——— Total16,992 Returned in the autumn of 1783 and the spring of 178410,492 ——— Did not return6,500 Hesse-Hanau, under various treaties2,038 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 178150 Hesse-Hanau, recruits sent in April, 1782334 ——— Total2,422 Returned in the autumn of 17831,441 ——— Did not return981 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 17771,603 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1779157 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1780152 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1781205 Anspach-Bayreuth sent in 1782236 ——— Total2,353 Returned in the autumn of 17831,183 ——— Did not return1,170 Waldeck sent in 177
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Rall, Johann Gottlieb 1720- (search)
Rall, Johann Gottlieb 1720- Hessian military officer; born in Hesse-Cassel, about 1720; led a regiment of Germans hired by the British government to fight the Americans; landed at Staten Island in June, 1776; took part in the battle of White Plains and the capture of Fort Washington, and was killed in the battle of Trenton, of which post he was in command, Dec. 26, 1776.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Treaties. (search)
erce, and navigationWashingtonDec. 20, 1827 Convention of Extending jurisdiction of consulsWashingtonApril 30, 1852 Hanover: Treaty of Commerce and navigationBerlinMay 20, 1840 Treaty of Commerce and navigationHanoverJune 10, 1846 Convention of ExtraditionLondonJan. 18, 1855 Treaty of Stade or Brunshausen dues abolishedBerlinNov. 6, 1851 Hawaiian Islands: Treaty of Friendship, commerce, navigationWashingtonDec. 20, 1849 Convention of Commercial reciprocityWashingtonJan. 30, 1875 Hesse-Cassel: Convention of Droit d'aubaine and tax on emigration abolishedBerlinMar. 26, 1844 Hesse-Darmtstadt: Treaty of NaturalizationDarmstadtAug. 1, 1868 Italy: Convention of ConsularWashingtonFeb. 8, 1868 Convention of ExtraditionWashingtonMar. 23, 1868 Treaty of Commerce and navigationFlorenceFeb. 26, 1871 Convention of Consular privilegesWashingtonMay 8, 1878 Convention of Consular rightsWashingtonFeb. 24, 1881 Japan: Treaty of Peace, amity, commerce, etc.KanagawaMar. 31, 1854 Trea
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard), Chapter 1: (search)
had told her I was coming, and that she had expected me both the preceding evenings; asked me about Boston, the United States, etc., etc.; said she did not like liberals in Europe, but that it was another thing in America, where the government was democratic, and it was a man's duty to be liberal; and so on, and so on. Other persons came in, and I was presented to the Minister at War, Count Hardegg; the Minister of Police; Bodenhausen, the Minister from Hanover; Steuber, the Minister from Hesse Cassel; and some others whose names I did not catch. I found there, too, Count Bombelles, whom I had known in 1818, as Austrian Charge d'affaires at Lisbon, See Vol. I. pp. 246, 247. and who is now a great man in a very agreeable office here, that of governor of the young archdukes, who are the heirs presumptive, as the Emperor has no children; a sinecure office thus far, since the eldest is not seven years old. He has married an English wife, talks English admirably, and was very agreeab
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard), Chapter 19: (search)
ter,—ni maigre, ni mince, —the young Duke of Manchester and his very pretty wife, . . . . and I suppose a dozen more. . . . . Lady Granville introduced me to the Queen, the Duchess of Cambridge, and the Duke of Manchester. . . . . The Queen, with whom I had only a few words of ceremony, talks English very well, and is quite free and natural in her manners. The Duchess of Cambridge, who is very stout and plain, seemed to be full of German bonhomie, and I talked with her a long while about Hesse Cassel, where she was born, Hanover, which she knows well, etc. For half an hour I talked with the Duke and Duchess of Manchester, who invited me to visit them at Kimbolton. But the most agreeable person there, I suppose, was Lady Clanricarde, who amused me very much. . . . . I told Lord Palmerston that I had been dining where I met Lesseps, and that he was full of his canal. He may be full of his canal, said the Premier, but his canal will never be full of water, as the world will see. An
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 6, 10th edition., Preface. (search)
onies attracted the attention of all Europe, till at length it became universally the subject of leading interest. To give completeness to this branch of my inquiries, in so far as Great Britain was concerned either as a party or an observer, the necessary documents, after the most thorough and extensive search, were selected from the Correspondence with Ministers, Agents, and others in France, Spain, Holland, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and several of the smaller German Courts, especially Hesse Cassel and Brunswick. The volumes examined for this purpose were very numerous, and the copies for my use reach to all questions directly or indirectly affecting America; to alliances, treaties of subsidy, mediations, and war and peace. The relations of France to America were of paramount importance. I requested of Mr. Guizot, then the Minister, authority to study them in the French Archives. You shall see every thing that we have, was his instant answer, enhancing his consent by the manne
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 8, Chapter 50: (search)
, consulted only the interests or the pride of the oligarchy, and was less capable of a generous impulse than that of France. The ministry did not scruple to engage troops wherever they chanced to be in the market. The hereditary prince of Hesse Cassel, who was already the ruler of the little principality of Hainau, had instinctively scented the wants of England, and written to George the Third: I never cease to make the most ardent vows and prayers for the best of kings; I venture to offer,pply. For England to recruit in Germany was a defiance of the law of the empire; but Yorke reported that recruits might be raised there in any number, and at a tolerably easy rate; and that bodies of troops might be obtained of the princes of Hesse Cassel, Wurtemberg, Saxe Gotha, Darmstadt, and Baden. But for the moment England had in contemplation a larger scheme. Gunning's private and confidential despatch from Moscow was received in London on the first day of September, with elation and
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 8, Chapter 51: (search)
rought forward a bill for composing the existing troubles, by formally renouncing the pretension to an American revenue. If we are to have no peace, replied Germain, unless we give up the right of taxation, the contest is brought to its fair issue. I trust we shall draw a revenue from America; the spirit of this country will go along with me in the idea to crush rebellious resistance. As he said this, the orders were already on the way to hire troops of the roytelets of Brunswick and Hesse Cassel, and in defiance of the laws of the empire to raise four thousand recruits in Germany; for if Germain was to crush the Americans, it could not be done by Englishmen. The ministry was the master of parliament, but not of the affections of the English people. Germain's appointment shows how little their sympathies were considered; the administration, as it was now constituted, was the weakest, the least principled, and the most unpopular of that century. The England that the world revere
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 8, Chapter 57: (search)
edding furnished by the contractors was infamously scanty, their thin pillows being seven inches by five at most, and mattress, pillow, blanket, and rug, altogether hardly weighing seven pounds. The clothing of the Brunswick troops was old, and only patched up for the present; the person who executed the commission for purchasing new shoes for them in England, sent fine thin dancing pumps, and of these the greatest number were too small for use. The treaty with the hereditary prince of Hesse Cassel, who was the ruler over Hanau, met with no obstacle. His eagerness and zeal were not to be described; he went in person round the different bailiwicks to choose the recruits that were wanted; and he accompanied his regiment as far as Frankfort on their way to Helvoetsluys. Conscious of the merit of all this devotion, he pressed for an additional special subsidy. Professing ostensibly to give an absolute refusal, lest he should wake up similar claims, Suffolk in fact prepared to grant t
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