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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fremont, John Charles 1813-1890 (search)
an overland route to the Pacific Ocean. He ascended the highest peak of the Wind River Mountains, which was afterwards named Fremont's Peak. He explored the Great Salt Lake region in 1843, and penetrated to the Pacific near the mouth of the Columbia River. In 1845 he explored the Sierra Nevada in California, and in 1846 became involved in hostilities with the Mexicans on the Pacific coast. He assisted in the conquest of California; was appointed its military governor; and, after its admissio California; and on the other was the Wind River Valley, where were the heads of the Yellowstone branch of the Missouri. Far to the north we just could discover the snowy heads of the Trois Tetons, where were the sources of the Missouri and Columbia rivers; and at the southern extremity of the ridge the peaks were plainly visible, among which were some of the springs of the Nebraska or Platte River. Around us the whole scene had one main striking feature, which was that of terrible convulsio
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fur-trade. (search)
ns, and thence to Europe; or up the Illinois River, across a portage to Lake Michigan, and by way of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence to Montreal and Quebec. Early in the nineteenth century, furtrading posts had been established on the Columbia River and other waters that empty into the Pacific Ocean. In 1784 John Jacob Astor (q. v.), an enterprising young German merchant of New York, embarked in the fur-trade. He purchased furs in Montreal and sold them in England; after the treaty of er in the name of the American Fur Company, for which he furnished the entire capital. Mr. Astor made an earnest effort to carry on the business between the Pacific coast of America and China, founding the town of Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River. Through the bad faith of a business partner in 1813, that establishment was sold for a nominal sum and placed under British control. After that Mr. Astor carried on his operations in the region of the Rocky Mountains, with his chief post a
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Indians, American (search)
the Nez Perces and Walla Wallas, extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, in Oregon and Washington. Beyond these are the more powerful Chinooks, now rapidly melting away. They embraced numerous tribes, from the mouth of the Columbia River to the Grand Dalles. The Shoshones comprise tribes inhabiting the territory around the headwaters of the Columbia and Missouri rivers; the Comanches, extending from A group of educated Indians. the head-waters of the Brazos to those of theColumbia and Missouri rivers; the Comanches, extending from A group of educated Indians. the head-waters of the Brazos to those of the Arkansas; families in Utah and Texas, and several tribes in California. The Attakapas and Chitemachas, in Texas, have languages that enter into no known group. Condition of the Indians. According to the reports of the Indian Bureau, the Indian population in 1891 was 249,273, nearly all of whom were partially or absolutely under the control of the national government. There were 133,382 Indians on reservations, or at schools under control of the Indian Office; 52,065 were included in th
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Navigation acts. (search)
e even more pitiable. The policy of Secretary Whitney was in fact an echo of the sturdy patriotism that framed the act of Dec. 31, 1792, dictated by the same impulse of national independence, and conceived in the same aspiration of patriotic pride. In the face of this record so fresh and recent, the same old demand for English free ships is still heard in our midst, promoted by the same old lobby and pressed United States protected cruiser Olympia. United States protected cruiser Columbia. on the same old lines. Are we never to hear the last of it? Is there to be a perennial supply of American legislators willing to promote a British industry by destroying an American one? To all history, to all logic, they oppose a single phrase: Let us buy ships where they are cheapest. Well, if national independence is valueless, and if everything is to be subordinated to cheapness, why not get our laws made in the House of Commons? The members of the House of Commons legislate for
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), State of Oregon, (search)
Oregon, The history of this State properly begins with the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia River by Captain Gray, of Boston, in the ship Columbia, May 7, 1792, who gave the name of his vess1804-6). In 1811 John J. Astor and others established a fur-trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River, and called it Astoria. The British doctrine, always practised and enforced by them, that tclearly gave to the Americans the domain to the lat. of 54° 40′ N., for the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray, in 1792, was not disputed. In 1818 it was mutually agreed that each natioboundary-line was fixed at 49° N. lat. In 1833 immigration to this region, Scene on the Columbia River, discovered by Captain Gray. Oregon Indians. overland, began, and in 1850 many thousandsIn 1853 Washington Territory was organized, and took from Oregon all its domain north of the Columbia River. In 1857 a convention framed a State constitution for Oregon, which was ratified, in Novemb
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Sahaptin Indians, (search)
Sahaptin Indians, A family regarded as a distinct nation of Indians within the domains of the United States. It is one of the nine Columbian families in the States of Oregon and Washington. Their country extends from the Dalles of the Columbia River to the Bitter Root Mountains on both sides of the Columbia, and on the forks of the Lewis and the Snake and Sahaptin rivers. The nation includes the Nez Perces (q. v.) or Sahaptins proper, the Walla Wallas, and other clans of less importance. On the northern border are the Salish family, chiefly in the British possessions, and on the southern the Shoshones. They are of medium stature; the men are brave and muscular, and dignified in appearance; the women plump and generally handsome; and some of the tribes, especially the Nez Perces, are neat in their personal appearance. With the exception of the latter, none of the Sahaptin nation have figured in the history of the republic. See Nez Perces Indians.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Sutter, John Augustus 1803-1880 (search)
settled in Missouri, and became a naturalized citizen. There he engaged in a thriving cattle-trade with New Mexico by the old Santa Fe trail. Speaking French, German, Spanish, and English fluently, he became one of the best known and most popular of frontiersmen. Hearing of the beauty and fertility of the Pacific coast, he set out from Missouri with six men in 1838, and crossed 2,000 miles of a region which had rarely been trodden by civilized men. He went to Oregon, and descended the Columbia River to Vancouver. Thence he proceeded to the Sandwich Islands. There he bought and freighted a ship, and in her proceeded to Sitka, the capital of Alaska, then a Russian possession. The venture was suecessful, and he sailed to the Bay of San Francisco in July, 1839. On the banks of the Sacramento River, Cal., he established himself, gathered a little colony there, put various industries in motion, and accumulated an immense fortune. Within two years after his arrival in California he
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Thompson, David 1770-1857 (search)
Thompson, David 1770-1857 Explorer; born in St. John, England, April 30, 1770; entered the employ of the Hudson Bay Company in 1789; later engaged in exploring expeditions. On April 27, 1798, he discovered Turtle Lake, from which the Mississippi River takes its southerly course to the Gulf. He explored the southern shore of Lake Superior in 1798; crossed the Rocky Mountains in 1807, and explored the whole length of Columbia River in 1811; was employed by Great Britain in surveying and laying out the boundaryline between the United States and Canada in 1816-26. He was the author of Map of the Northwest Territory of the province of Canada, made for the Northwest Company in 1813–;14. He died in Longueil, Canada, Feb. 16, 185
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Townsend, John Kirk 1809-1851 (search)
Townsend, John Kirk 1809-1851 Naturalist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1809; was associated with John J. Audubon in the preparation of American ornithology; travelled through the West in 1833-37; visited the Sandwich Islands and South America; and later had charge of the department of birds in the Smithsonian Institution. While in Washington he studied dentistry; was a member of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences and a contributor to its Proceedings; and was author of A narrative of a journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River; and Ornithology of the United States. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 16, 1851.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), United States of America. (search)
manders of ships-of-war to seize French armed vessels attacking American merchantmen or hovering about the coast for that purpose......May 28, 1798 Song Hail, Columbia! first sung......May, 1798 Imprisonment for debt abolished......June 6, 1798 Commercial intercourse with France suspended......June 12, 1798 Washington rights granted, passed......July 6, 1841 United States sloop-of-war Peacock, of the Wilkes United States exploring expedition, is lost at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon......July 18, 1841 Sub-treasury or independent treasury act repealed......Aug. 9, 1841 President Tyler vetoes the bill to incorporate the Fiscalemont starts on his second exploring expedition with thirty-nine men......May, 1843 [Reached Salt Lake, Sept. 6, and the Pacific coast, at the mouth of the Columbia River, Nov. 10; returned July, 1844.] Bunker Hill monument completed and dedicated......June 17, 1843 [President Tyler was present, and Daniel Webster deliver
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