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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cabinet, President's (search)
had hitherto been a branch of the signal service of the War Department, was transferred, by act of Congress, to this department. The following is a list of all members of Presidential cabinets since the organization of the federal government: Secretaries of State. Name.Appointed. Thomas JeffersonSept.26,1789 Edmund RandolphJan.2,1794 Timothy Pickering Dec.10,1795 John MarshallMay13,1800 James Madison March 5, 1801 Robert Smith March 6, 1809 James Monroe April 2, 1811 John Quincy Adams March 5, 1817 Henry Clay March 7, 1825 Martin Van Buren March 6, 1929 Edward Livingston May 24, 1831 Louis McLane May 29, 1833 John Forsyth June 27, 1834 Daniel Webster March 5, 1841 Hugh S. Legare May 9, 1843 Abel P. Upshur July 24, 1843 John C. Calhoun March 6, 1844 James Buchanan March 6, 1845 John M. Clayton March 7, 1849 Daniel Webster July 22, 1850 Edward Everett Nov. 6, 1852 William L. Marcy March 7, 1853 Lewis CassMarch 6, 1857 Jeremiah S. Black Dec. 17, 1
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Callender, James Thompson 1792-1813 (search)
Callender, James Thompson 1792-1813 Editor and author; born in Scotland. He published in Edinburgh, in 1792, a book called Political progress of Great Britain, which so offended the authorities that he was banished from the kingdom, and went to Philadelphia, where he published the Political register in 1794-95, and the American annual register for 1796-97. He was a violent and unscrupulous opponent of Washington's administration, and delighted in abusing Hamilton and other Federalist leaders. For a season he enjoyed the friendship of Jefferson. The latter became disgusted with Callender, when the former, becoming Jefferson's enemy, calumniated him fearfully. He published the Richmond Recorder, in which he made fierce attacks upon the character of Washington and Adams. He died in Richmond, Va., in July, 1813.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Capital, National (search)
n the summer of 1800. It seemed like transferring it to a wilderness. Only the north wing of the Capitol was finished, and that was fitted up to accommodate both Houses of Congress. The President's house was finished externally, but much had to be done on the inside. There was only one good tavern, and that was insufficient to accommodate half the Congressmen. There was only a path through an alder swamp along the line of Pennsylvania Avenue from the President's house to the Capitol. Mrs. Adams wrote concerning the President's house that it was superb in design, but then dreary beyond endurance. I could content myself almost anywhere for three months, she said, but, surrounded with forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and cart it! . . . We have, indeed, come into a new country. The public offices had hardly been established in the city when the War-office, a wooden structure, took fire and was burned with many valuable paper
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Clay, Henry 1777-1852 (search)
hen he opened a law-office in Lexington, Ky., where he obtained an extensive practice. In 1803 he was elected to the Kentucky legislature, and was speaker in 1807-8. He became United States Senator in 1808, and member of Congress and Speaker in 1811-14. In 1814 he was a Henry Clay at 40. commissioner to treat for peace with Great Britain, and afterwards, in Congress, was five times elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. Mr. Clay was Secretary of State in the cabinet of John Quincy Adams (1825-29), and again a member of the United States Senate from 1831 till 1842. He was twice defeated as a candidate for the Presidency (1832 and 1844); and was in the Senate for the last time from 1849 till 1852, taking a leading part in the compromise measures of 1850, as he did in those of 1832. Mr. Clay did much by his eloquence to arouse a war spirit against Great Britain in 1812; and his efforts were effective in securing an acknowledgment of the independence of the Spanish colon
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Curtis, George William 1824- (search)
a party resource, and in the session of 1825-26, when John Quincy Adams was President, Mr. Benton introduced his report upon of reducing and regulating executive patronage: although Mr. Adams, the last of the Revolutionary line of Presidents, so scoto a furious torrent as the later parties took form. John Quincy Adams adhered, with the tough tenacity of his father's son,esident, leaning upon the law, shall stand fast where John Quincy Adams stood. But the debate continued during the whole J the collector of that port. Mr. Jefferson asserted that Mr. Adams had purposely appointed in the last moments of his adminie knows to be competent; to renominate, as Monroe and John Quincy Adams did, every faithful officer whose commission expires,fterwards extended to other offices, was intended, as John Quincy Adams tells us, to promote the election to the Presidency oasury and of a majority of the Senate, and its design, as Mr. Adams says, was to secure for Mr. Crawford the influence of all
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Essex Junta, the. (search)
e Republicans rejoiced at the charge of British influence. Adams's course caused a great diminution of the Federal vote, and Jefferson was elected. The opposition chanted: The Federalists are down at last, The Monarchists completely cast! The Aristocrats are stripped of power— Storms o'er the British faction lower. Soon we Republicans shall see Columbia's sons from bondage free. Lord, how the Federalists will stare— A Jefferson in Adams's chair! —The echo. Early in 1809, John Quincy Adams, being in Washington attending the Supreme Court, in a confidential interview with President Jefferson, assured him that a continuation of the embargo (see embargo acts) much longer would certainly be met by forcible resistance in Massachusetts, supported by the legislature, and probably by the judiciary of the State; that if force should be resorted to to quell that resistance, it would produce a civil war, and in that event he had no doubt the leaders of the Federal party (referring <
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Everett, Alexander Hill, 1792-1847 (search)
Everett, Alexander Hill, 1792-1847 Diplomatist; born in Boston, March 19, 1792; graduated at Harvard in 1806; studied law with John Q. Adams; and in 1809 accompanied him to St. Petersburg as attache to the American legation, to which he became secretary in 1815. He became charge d'affaires at Brussels in 1818; in 1825-29 was minister to Spain; and from 1845 until his death was American commissioner in China. His publications include Europe, or a General survey of the political situation of the principal powers, with conjectures on their future prospects (1821); New ideas on population (1822) ; America, etc. (1827). He died in Canton, China, June 29, 1847. Everett, Edward
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Florida, (search)
secret session, June 21, authorizing the President to take possession of east Florida. The Senate rejected it, for it would have been unwise to quarrel with Spain at the moment when war was about to be declared against Great Britain. Jackson's invasion of Florida and his capture of Pensacola caused much political debate in and out of Congress. By some he was much censured, by others praised. The United States government In a Florida Swamp. upheld him, and the Secretary of State, John Q. Adams, made an able plea of justification, on the ground of the wellknown interference of the Spanish authorities in Florida in American affairs, and the giving of shelter to British subjects inciting the Indians to make war. It was thought the British government would take notice of the summary execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister (see Seminole War); but it took the ground that British subjects, meddling in the affairs of a foreign nation, must take the consequences. Secretary Adams and the
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Ghent, treaty of (search)
Ghent, treaty of The treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which terminated the War of 1812. The American commissioners were John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin; the British commissioners were Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn, and William Adams. The American commissioners assembled in the city of Ghent, Belgium, in July, 1814; the British commissioners early in the following month. The terms of the treaty were concluded Dec. 24, following, and the ratifications were exchanged Feb. 17, 1815. While the negotiations were in progress the leading citizens of Ghent took great interest in the matter. Their sympathies were with the Americans, and they mingled their rejoicings with the commissioners when the work was done. On Oct. 27 the Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts at Ghent invited the American commissioners to attend their exercises, when they were all elected honorary members of the academy. A sumptuous dinner was giv
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Hale, Salma 1787-1866 (search)
Hale, Salma 1787-1866 Historian; born in Alstead, N. H., March 7, 1787; was elected to Congress in 1816; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court in 1817; and admitted to the bar in 1834. He is the author of a History of the United States; The administration of John Quincy Adams; Annals of the town of Keene, etc. He died in Somerville, Mass., Nov. 19, 1866.
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