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s fundamenta iecit) must have been removed after his death. There were also many statues of various deities set up in the area and in the temples (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 319: in Capitolio omnium deorum simulacra colebantur; cf. Tert. Spect. 12; Jord.i. 2. 50-51; Rodocanachi 43-44). One of Jupiter, of colossal size, was erected by Sp. Carvilius in 293 B.C. and could be seen from the temple of Iuppiter Latiaris on the Alban mount (Plin. NH xxxiv. 34, 43); a second stood on a high pillar and after 63 B.C. was turned to face the east (Cic. Cat. iii. 20; de div. i. 20; Cass. Dio xxxvii. 9, 34; Obseq. 122). In 305B.C. a colossal statue of Hercules was placed in Capitolio (Liv. ix. 44), and another,It is uncertain which of these is referred to by Cass. Dio xlii. 26. the work of Lysippus, was brought from Tarentum in 209 (Plut. Fab. 22; Plin. NH xxxiv. 40; Strabo vi. p. 278). There were others of Mars (Cass. Dio xli. 14),keraunoi\ skh=ptro/v te *dio\s kai\ a)spi/da kra/nos te *)/arews, e)n tw=|
t up in the area and in the temples (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 319: in Capitolio omnium deorum simulacra colebantur; cf. Tert. Spect. 12; Jord.i. 2. 50-51; Rodocanachi 43-44). One of Jupiter, of colossal size, was erected by Sp. Carvilius in 293 B.C. and could be seen from the temple of Iuppiter Latiaris on the Alban mount (Plin. NH xxxiv. 34, 43); a second stood on a high pillar and after 63 B.C. was turned to face the east (Cic. Cat. iii. 20; de div. i. 20; Cass. Dio xxxvii. 9, 34; Obseq. 122). In 305B.C. a colossal statue of Hercules was placed in Capitolio (Liv. ix. 44), and another,It is uncertain which of these is referred to by Cass. Dio xlii. 26. the work of Lysippus, was brought from Tarentum in 209 (Plut. Fab. 22; Plin. NH xxxiv. 40; Strabo vi. p. 278). There were others of Mars (Cass. Dio xli. 14),keraunoi\ skh=ptro/v te *dio\s kai\ a)spi/da kra/nos te *)/arews, e)n tw=| *kapitwli/w| a)nakei/mena would seem to refer to isolated votive offerings-though if they were in any buildin
own. The foundations of the house which Caligula laid here (Suet. Cal. 22, mox, quo propior esset-to Jupiter Capitolinus-in area Capitolina novae domus fundamenta iecit) must have been removed after his death. There were also many statues of various deities set up in the area and in the temples (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 319: in Capitolio omnium deorum simulacra colebantur; cf. Tert. Spect. 12; Jord.i. 2. 50-51; Rodocanachi 43-44). One of Jupiter, of colossal size, was erected by Sp. Carvilius in 293 B.C. and could be seen from the temple of Iuppiter Latiaris on the Alban mount (Plin. NH xxxiv. 34, 43); a second stood on a high pillar and after 63 B.C. was turned to face the east (Cic. Cat. iii. 20; de div. i. 20; Cass. Dio xxxvii. 9, 34; Obseq. 122). In 305B.C. a colossal statue of Hercules was placed in Capitolio (Liv. ix. 44), and another,It is uncertain which of these is referred to by Cass. Dio xlii. 26. the work of Lysippus, was brought from Tarentum in 209 (Plut. Fab. 22; Plin. NH x
wide, and in front from 40 to 45. Behind the temple there appears to have been only a narrow space, but wide enough for the passage of a procession (Plin. NH viii. 161). Besides the space occupied by the great temple, the area therefore contained something more than one hectare of surface, sufficient for the other temples and monuments that stood in Capitolio-an expression ordinarily interpreted as equivalent to in area Capitolina. The area was surrounded by a wall, and a porticus built in 159 B.C. on the inner side of the wall (Vell. ii. 1. 2, 3. 1). The principal entrance was in the middle of the south-east side, opposite the front of the great temple, where the clivus Capitolinus ended, and was sometimes referred to as fores Capitolii (Suet. Aug. 94; App. BC i. 16; Tac. Hist. iii. 71). A little south of this entrance, near the corner of the area, was the PORTA PANDANA (q.v.), and there may have been others. The area was closed at night and protected by dogs (Cic. pro Rosc. Am. 56;
an (Hist. Aug. Tac. 9). These became so numerous that Augustus removed many of them to the campus Martius (Suet. Cal. 34: statuas virorum illustrium ab Augusto ex Capitolina area propter angustias in campum Martium conlatas... subvertit). Trophies of victory, like those of Marius (Plut. Caes. 6; Suet. Caes. 11) and Germanicus (CIL iii. p. 856), and votive monuments (Gilb. iii. 384-387); were also thickly strewn about, and a wholesale removal of these objects was ordered, as it had been in 179 B.C., in the time of Augustus (Suet. Cal. 34). Cf. infra, p. 298. Very many bronze tablets containing treaties and laws and military diplomas were preserved within the area, being ordinarily fastened to the walls of the area and of the temples, and to the bases of the statues and monuments (cf. BC 1896, 187-189; Jord. i. 2. 52-56; CIL iii. Suppl. p. 2034; for the area Capitolina in general, see Hulsen, Festschrift fur H. Kiepert 209-222; Jord. i. 2. 37-40; Gilb. ii. 423-425; iii. 388, 399; He
space in front of and around the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the south summit of the Capitoline (Suet. Cal. 22, 34; Gell. ii. 10. 2; Sidon. Ep. i. 7. 8; Vell. ii. 3. 2; Liv. xxv. 3. 14: area Capitolii), made by building retaining walls and substructures round the edge of the hill and levelling off the surface enclosed. The area was therefore in effect a built-up platform, part of which at least was contemporaneous with the foundations of the temple. It was enlarged in 388 B.C., and was regarded as a notable monument even at the beginning of the empire (Liv. vi. 4. 11). The extent of the area has been a matter of dispute, and some scholars have maintained that it did not extend more than about 15-16 metres from the sides of the temple (Richter, Beitrage zur rom. Top. ii. 24-25 ; Hermes, 1883, 115-118; cf. Gilb. iii. 398-399; Aust in Roscher ii. 709), but the prevailing view at present is that it covered practically all of the Capitolium (Hulsen, Festschrift fur