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52 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
exertions during his praetorship to put down the notorious bribery of the consular comitia disgusted both the buyers and the sellers of votes. Again he was attacked by a hooting and pelting mob, who put his attendants to flight; but he persisted in mounting the tribunal, and succeeded in appeasing the violence of the populace. After the death of Crassus, when the senate had to make choice between Pompey and Caesar, it naturally wished to place itself under the protection of the former. In B. C. 52, Pompey was anxious to obtain the dictatorship; but as the nobles had not given him their full confidence, and yet at the same time were anxious to gratify him, Bibulus proposed that he should be created sole consul, and in this proposition was supported by Cato. In the following year, Cato himself, mistrusting Pompey, was a candidate for the consulship; but he would not bribe, and his competitors, S. Sulpicius and M. Claudius Marcellus, who had the support of Caesar and Pompey, were electe
50 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
death. The inhabitants buried him on the coast, and celebrated his funeral with much pomp. A statue, with sword in hand, was erected to his memory on the spot, and was still standing when Plutarch wrote. Caesar had hastened his march in order to catch Cato; but arriving too late, he exclaimed, "Cato, I grudge thee thy death, since thou hast grudged me the glory of sparing thy life." Works The only existing composition of Cato (not to count the speech in Sallust) is a letter written in B. C. 50. It is a civil refusal in answer to an elaborate letter of Cicero, requesting that Cato would use his influence to procure him a triumph. (Cic. Fam. 15.4-6) Cato as the subject of biography and panegyric Cato soon became the subject of biography and panegyric. Shortly after his death appeared Cicero's "Cato," which provoked Caesar's " Anticato," also called " Anticatones," as it consisted of two books; but the accusations of Caesar appear to have been wholly unfounded, and were not beli
49 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
this proposition was supported by Cato. In the following year, Cato himself, mistrusting Pompey, was a candidate for the consulship; but he would not bribe, and his competitors, S. Sulpicius and M. Claudius Marcellus, who had the support of Caesar and Pompey, were elected. On the day of his defeat, Cato amused himself with playing at ball, and renounced for ever all aspiration after an office which the people had not thought proper to confer upon him. On the commencement of the civil war, B. C. 49, Cato supported those illegal proceedings [CAESAR, p. 550] which gave some colour of right to the hostile preparations of Caesar. On the approach of Caesar to the city, Cato took flight with the consuls to Campania, and yielded himself up to unavailing grief. From that day forth he allowed his hair to grow; he never after wore a garland, but seeing, that Roman blood must be shed, whichever party might prevail, he determined to mourn until his death the unhappy lot of his country. It was a t
48 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
efending the island, took flight, and proceeded to join Pompey at Dyrrachium. Little confidence was placed in his military skill, or in the course that he would pursue if his party succeeded; for, though it was now his object to crush the rebellion of Caesar, it was felt that his efforts might soon be directed to limit the power of Pompey. After Pompey's victory at Dyrrachium, Cato was left in charge of the camp, and was thus salved from being present at the disastrous battle of Pharsalia. (B. C. 48.) After this battle, he set sail for Corcyra with the troops and the fleet left in his charge; but he offered to resign his command to Cicero, who was now anxious for a reconciliation with Caesar. Cicero, a man equally incompetent to command, declined the offer. Cato now proceeded to Africa, where he hoped to find Pompey; but on his route he received intelligence from Cornelia of Pompey's assassination. After a circuitous voyage he effected a landing, and was admitted by the inhabitants of
47 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
is charge; but he offered to resign his command to Cicero, who was now anxious for a reconciliation with Caesar. Cicero, a man equally incompetent to command, declined the offer. Cato now proceeded to Africa, where he hoped to find Pompey; but on his route he received intelligence from Cornelia of Pompey's assassination. After a circuitous voyage he effected a landing, and was admitted by the inhabitants of Cyrene, who had refused to open their gates to Labienus. In the spring of the year B. C. 47 Cato marched his troops across the desert, for six days supporting hunger and thirst, and every privation, with remarkable fortitude, in order to form a junction with Scipio Metellus, Attius Varus, and the Numidian Juba. Here arose a question of military precedence. The army wished to be led by Cato ; but, as a strict disciplinarian, he thought it necessary to yield to the consular Scipio. Most probably he was glad to rid himself of a position in which immediate action appeared inevitable,
46 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
f Scipio to put Utica to the sword, and, though now nothing could be hoped but a putting-off of the evil day, wisely advised him not to risk a decisive engagement; but Scipio disregarded his advice, and was utterly routed at Thapsus. (April 6th, B. C. 46.) All Africa now, with the exception of Utica, submitted to the victorious Caesar. Cato wanted to inspire the Romans in Utica with courage to stand a siege; but they quailed at the approach of Caesar, and were inclined to submit. Plutarch related in falling overturned an abacus. His friends, hearing the noise, ran up, found him bathed in blood, and, while he was fainting, dressed his wound. When however he recovered feeling, he tore open the bandages, let out his entrails, and expired, B. C. 46, at the age of forty-nine. There was deep grief in Utica on account of his death. The inhabitants buried him on the coast, and celebrated his funeral with much pomp. A statue, with sword in hand, was erected to his memory on the spot, and was
72 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
tions of a new admirer recalled the ardour of her former lover, who sued again, and was again accepted. Stung to the quick, Cato was with difficulty prevented, by the entreaties of friends, from exposing himself by going to law, and expended the bitterness of his wrath against Scipio in atirical iambics. He soon afterwards married Atilia, the daughter of Serranus, but was obliged to divorce her for adultery after she had borne him two children. He served his first campaign as a volunteer, B. C. 72, under the consul Gellius Poblicola, in the servile war of Spartacus. He joined the army rather from a desire to be near Caepio, who was tribunus militum, than out of any love for a military life. In this new career he had no opportunity of distinguishing himself; but his observation of discipline was perfect, and in courage he was never found wanting. The general offered him military rewards, which he refused on the ground that he had done nothing to deserve them. For this he was reckoned
63 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
on with a letter from the king, beseeching him, if he would not take them himself, to let his attendants take them; but, much to the dissatisfaction of some of his attendants, he rejected this specious bribery too. Upon Cato's return to Rome, B. C. 63, he found Lucullus, who had married one of his half-sisters, Servilia, before the gates soliciting a triumph for his success against Mithridates. In obtaining this object, he succeeded by the assistance of Cato and the nobility, notwithstanding ot in ousting Metellus. One of his first acts after his election was the prosecution of L. Licinius Muraena for bribery at the consular comitia; but Muraena, who was defended by Cicero, Hortensius, and Crassus, was acquitted by the judges. This (B. C. 63) was the famous year of Cicero's consulship, and of the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy. Cato supported the consul in proposing that the conspirators should suffer death, and was the first who gave to Cicero the name of pater patriae. It wa
95 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
M. Po'rcius Cato or Cato Uticensis or the Younger Cato or Cato the Younger 9. M. Porcius Cato, son of No. 6 by Livia, great-grandson of Cato the Censor, and surnamed Uticensis from Utica, the place of his death, was born B. C. 95. In early childhood he lost both his parents, and was brought up in the house of his mother's brother, M. Livius Drusus, along with his sister Porcia and the children of his mother by her second husband, Q. Servilius Caepio. While yet of tender age, he gave token of a certain sturdy independence. The Italian socii were now seeking the right of Roman citizenship, and Q. Pompaedius Silo was endeavouring to enlist Drusus on their side. Silo playfully asked Cato and his halfbrother Q. Caepio if they would not take his part with their uncle. Caepio at once smiled and said he would, but Cato frowned and persisted in saying that he would not, though Silo pretended that he was going to throw him out of the window for his refusal. This story has been doubted on the gr
67 BC (search for this): entry cato-porcius-bio-10
himself; but his observation of discipline was perfect, and in courage he was never found wanting. The general offered him military rewards, which he refused on the ground that he had done nothing to deserve them. For this he was reckoned perverse and cross-grained, but his own estimate of his services was not perhaps much below the mark. He had many of the qualities which make a good soldier, but of that peculiar genius which constitutes a great general he had not a spark. About the year B. C. 67, he became a candidate for the post of tribunus militum, and obeyed the law by canvassing without nomenclatores. He was elected, and joined the army of the propraetor M. Rubrius in Macedonia. Here he was appointed to command a legion, and he won the esteem and attachment of the soldiery by the force of reason, by sharing all their labours, and by a strict attention to his duty. He treated them as rational beings, not as mere machines, and he preserved order without harsh punishments or lavi
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