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Europe (search for this): chapter 21
Chapter XXI Reconstruction in Virginia the State legislature advised to adopt the Fourteenth Amendment congressional reconstruction as a result of the refusal the manner in which the acts of Congress were executed no resort to trial by military commission the obnoxious Constitution framed by the State Convention how its worst feature was nullified appointed Secretary of War. in August, 1866, after my return from Europe, I was assigned to command the Department of the Potomac, which included the State of Virginia, then governed in part by the Freedmen's Bureau and in part by the provisional government which had been organized at Alexandria while the war was still in progress. The State had yet to obtain from Congress a recognition of its government, which recognition was understood to depend upon the ratification by the State legislature of the then pending Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This subject was very fully discussed betwee
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 21
even to their authors. That stride consisted in imposing the so-called iron-clad oath upon all officers, of whatever grade or character, in all the former Confederate States. That oath excluded from office not only all who had in any way taken active part in the rebellion, but even the most constant Union men of the South who h for not one of them had escaped giving aid or comfort in some way to those engaged in the rebellion. Even so conspicuous a loyalist as Judge Rives, afterward United States district judge, declared, after mature deliberation, that he could not take that oath, although his constant fidelity to the Union was known to all in Virginiaare reminded that they are to be governed in the discharge of their duties by the laws of Virginia, so far as the same are not in conflict with the laws of the United States, or orders issued from these headquarters, and that they are not to supersede the civil authorities, except in cases of necessity. In such cases the action, o
Virginia (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 21
ied appointed Secretary of War. in August, 1866, after my return from Europe, I was assigned to command the Department of the Potomac, which included the State of Virginia, then governed in part by the Freedmen's Bureau and in part by the provisional government which had been organized at Alexandria while the war was still in pd, Va., March 13, 1867, was as follows: I. In compliance with the order of the President, the undersigned hereby assumes command of the First District, State of Virginia, under the act of Congress of March 2, 1867. II. All officers under the existing provisional government of the State of Virginia will continue to performState of Virginia will continue to perform the duties of their respective offices according to law, unless otherwise hereafter ordered in individual cases, until their successors shall be duly elected and qualified in accordance with the above-named act of Congress. III. It is desirable that the military power conferred by the before-mentioned act be exercised only so
Richmond (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 21
up to the time when the Convention had completed its work of framing a constitution. My General Orders, No. 1, dated Richmond, Va., March 13, 1867, was as follows: I. In compliance with the order of the President, the undersigned hereby assument with the slow process of trial before their own civil magistrates. Other orders were in part as follows: Richmond, Va., July 26, 1867. . . . III. The governor and other executive officers, the courts of law, and councils of cities der the existing laws of Virginia, are usually filled by their appointment or upon their nomination. . . . Richmond, Va., August 8, 1867. . . . VI. Military commissioners are reminded that they are to be governed in the discharge of t duty . . . Upon the adjournment of the State Convention, I sent the following letter to General Grant: Richmond, Va., April 18, 1868. dear General: In spite of every effort that could be made to prevent it, the Virginia Convention
Andrew Johnson (search for this): chapter 21
ichmond, it at first seemed that the amendment would be speedily ratified. But other influences, understood to come from some source in Washington (probably President Johnson), finally prevailed; the amendment was rejected; and Virginia was thus doomed to undergo congressional reconstruction in company with her sister States. The policy of President Johnson having resulted in an irrepressible conflict between him and Congress, finally culminating in his impeachment, the reconstruction of the States lately in insurrection was undertaken by Congress. First an act dated March 2, 1867, was passed for the military government of the rebel States, and then anohat State fully appreciated the fact. With this service to the people of Virginia, my duty in that State practically terminated. The impeachment trial of President Johnson had reached its crisis. It had become evident to those who were wise enough to discern the signs of the times that the Senate would probably not sustain the
U. S. Grant (search for this): chapter 21
neral may hold them to a proper accountability for any neglect of duty . . . Upon the adjournment of the State Convention, I sent the following letter to General Grant: Richmond, Va., April 18, 1868. dear General: In spite of every effort that could be made to prevent it, the Virginia Convention has adhered to itsy. Perhaps it may be best for Congress to await their action before determining the question. . . . The newspaper clipping inclosed in the above letter to General Grant was a report of the proceedings of the Convention which appeared in the Richmond Dispatch of April 18, 1868. Several other letters to General Grant, near theGeneral Grant, near the same time, explained the situation in detail. As was to be expected, and in spite of any influence which the military commander could properly exert, that proposed Constitution, like those framed in the other States, perpetuated the worst features of the acts of Congress. It disqualified all the respectable whites from any act
Rives (search for this): chapter 21
n the rebellion, but even the most constant Union men of the South who had remained at home during the war; for not one of them had escaped giving aid or comfort in some way to those engaged in the rebellion. Even so conspicuous a loyalist as Judge Rives, afterward United States district judge, declared, after mature deliberation, that he could not take that oath, although his constant fidelity to the Union was known to all in Virginia. I asked this noted Union man to accept the office of crmy, to take one of his horses rather than see him go afoot. Perhaps the judge was too conscientious. But it was the evil effect of the law to exclude the highly honorable and let the rascals in. Thus the Union could not have the benefit of Judge Rives's eminent services in the vital work of reconstruction, and some carpet-bagger had to take his place. And thus, although the acts of Congress permitted a majority of the whites to vote, their choice of officers was restricted to negroes and c
July 19th, 1867 AD (search for this): chapter 21
having resulted in an irrepressible conflict between him and Congress, finally culminating in his impeachment, the reconstruction of the States lately in insurrection was undertaken by Congress. First an act dated March 2, 1867, was passed for the military government of the rebel States, and then another act, dated March 23, 1867, prescribing the conditions of organization of State governments preparatory to restoration to the Union; the last-named act was supplemented by the act dated July 19, 1867. All of these acts were passed over the President's veto. They provided for the assignment of military commanders in the several districts, with nearly absolute powers to govern those States and direct the steps in the process of reconstruction. It fell to my lot to command the First Military District, into which Virginia was converted by the act of Congress. The terrible oppression of the Southern people embodied in those acts of Congress has hardly been appreciated by even the m
March 13th, 1867 AD (search for this): chapter 21
ginia, so as to save that State from the great evils suffered by sister States, is perhaps an instructive part of the history of that time. The following extracts from my orders and correspondence clearly show the constitutional principles upon which my administration was based. They also give the essential points in the history of Virginia reconstruction up to the time when the Convention had completed its work of framing a constitution. My General Orders, No. 1, dated Richmond, Va., March 13, 1867, was as follows: I. In compliance with the order of the President, the undersigned hereby assumes command of the First District, State of Virginia, under the act of Congress of March 2, 1867. II. All officers under the existing provisional government of the State of Virginia will continue to perform the duties of their respective offices according to law, unless otherwise hereafter ordered in individual cases, until their successors shall be duly elected and qualified in accord
April 18th, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 21
lly reported, in order that the commanding general may hold them to a proper accountability for any neglect of duty . . . Upon the adjournment of the State Convention, I sent the following letter to General Grant: Richmond, Va., April 18, 1868. dear General: In spite of every effort that could be made to prevent it, the Virginia Convention has adhered to its proscriptive measures, or rather to the most objectionable of them. After every other means had failed, I even went sot for Congress to await their action before determining the question. . . . The newspaper clipping inclosed in the above letter to General Grant was a report of the proceedings of the Convention which appeared in the Richmond Dispatch of April 18, 1868. Several other letters to General Grant, near the same time, explained the situation in detail. As was to be expected, and in spite of any influence which the military commander could properly exert, that proposed Constitution, like those
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