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July 28th, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 16
former with dilatable sides. Jaeger's machine, May 7, 1857, is shown in Fig. 3509. It is somewhat similar to the one shown at Fig. 3508. It takes a square blank and folds over two angular flaps, making a conical bag. Mallary's machine, July 28, 1868, like the Goodale machine just cited, has side and end flaps which fold those portions over the former. As the continuous sheet of paper is fed to the machine, the several devices perform their respective functions of delivering the paper to. 49,736,B. F. EllisSept. 5, 1865. 49,951,E. W. GoodaleSept. 12, 1865. 62,342,Kirk and HowlettFeb. 26, 1867. 64,537,G. L. JaegerMay 7, 1867. 70,601,E. B. OlmstedNov. 5, 1867. 74,190,James ArkellFeb. 11, 1868. 80,298,George H. MallaryJuly 28, 1868. 83,648,George H. MallaryNov. 3, 1868. 84,076,C. AmazeenNov. 17, 1868. 87,608,Joseph WellsMarch 9, 1869. 87,689,H. C. LockwoodMarch 9, 1869. 90,624,C. F. AnnanJune 1, 1869. 94,511,J. P. PultzSept. 7, 1869. 101,299,C. J. MoffattMarch 29
1370 AD (search for this): chapter 16
ht arbor, and the movement was accelerated or retarded by diminishing or increasing the distance of the weights from the arbor. The clocks erected at Strasburg, 1370, Courtray, 1370, and Spire, 1395, were probably of this character, as were also the astronomical clocks of Tycho Brahe and other less celebrated astronomers of his1370, and Spire, 1395, were probably of this character, as were also the astronomical clocks of Tycho Brahe and other less celebrated astronomers of his period. b shows the Harris pendulum as contrived by him in the clock put up in the turret of the Church of St. Paul, Covent Garden, London, in 1641. It will be seen that it may have occurred as a modification of the De Wyck vibrating arm, one of the weights being taken off and the arm hung vertically. Galileo, about 1581, s which received it early, after some time commenced a contention for the merit of the discovery. Laurentius Zanssen, surnamed Koster, was born in Haarlem about 1370, and died 1440. His claim to be the inventor of separate wooden types rests upon the testimony of Adrian Young, rector of the Latin School of Haarlem about 1570.
March 16th, 1858 AD (search for this): chapter 16
, etched, and printed. It may be here remarked that Dixon's experiment contained the gist, though unperceived by any, of the recent important inventions of Tessie du Motay, Albert, Edwards, and others, inasmuch as he really printed from an organic deposit which lay between the ink and the stone. See photo-mechanical printing; carbon-print; gelatine process; Heliotype. 3. Cutting and Bradford, Boston, Mass., patented a process in England, February 23, 1858, and in the United States, March 16, 1858, which consisted in coating a stone with a solution of gum and bichromate of potash, with an addition of sugar; drying the same and exposing under a transparent positive. After the actinic change was effected they washed the stone with soapwater, which penetrated only the parts unchanged by light, and formed there the lithographic picture susceptible of taking ink. The stone was then treated according to the usual lithographic methods, including probably its etching and gumming. 4. A
January 7th, 1873 AD (search for this): chapter 16
42,M. E. KnightJuly 11, 1871. 118,327,James ArkellAug. 22, 1871. 119,307,J. M., J. P., and S. H. BryantSept. 26, 1871. 119,915,B. S. BinneyOct. 17, 1871. 122,099,James ArkellDec. 26, 1871. 122,510,L. D. BennerJan. 9, 1872. 123,013,George GuildJan. 23, 1872. 123,812,L. C. CrowellFeb. 20, 1872. 131,841,Bibby and BaronOct. 1, 1872. 132,312,H. B. MorrisOct. 15, 1872. 132,890,C. F. AnnanNov. 12, 1872. 133,395,J. ArkellNov. 26, 1872. 134,035,B. ColeDec. 17, 1872. 134,580,C. F. AnnanJan. 7, 1873. 135,145,M. MurphyJan. 21, 1873. 135,275,T. HotchkissJan. 28, 1873. 138,844,L. D. BennerMay 13, 1873. 139,104,H. G. ArmstrongMay 20, 1873. 140,342,N. BiedingerJuly 1, 1873. 141,862,G. DunhamAug. 19, 1873. 143,358,W. LiddellSept. 30, 1873. 143,674,L. C. CrowellOct. 14, 1873. 143,925,J. S. OstrangerOct. 21, 1873. 145,125,J. P. RaymondDec. 2, 1873. 146,372,W. WebsterJan. 13, 1874. 146,773,R. W. MurphyJan. 27, 1874. 146,774,M. MurphyJan. 27, 1874. 147,998,C. B. StilwellFeb. 24,
1367 AD (search for this): chapter 16
the thirteenth century had the waterlines and water-mark. One specimen had a tower. The earliest manuscript on linen paper known to be English bears date fourteenth year of Edward III., 1320. The first water-mark, a ram's head, is found in a book of accounts belonging to an official of Bordeaux, which was then subject to England, dated 1330. It has been claimed that linen paper was made in England as early as 1330, though it is supposed that no linen paper was made in Italy previous to 1367. In 1390, Ulman Strother established a paper-mill at Nuremberg in Bavaria, operated by two rollers, which set in motion eighteen stampers. This indicates the process of pulping the fiber by beating, which continued in use for nearly four centuries. This was the first paper-mill known to have been established in Germany, and is said to have been the first in Europe for manufacturing paper from linen rags. In 1498, an entry appears among the privy expenses of Henry VII. for a reward giv
388 AD (search for this): chapter 16
o give an idea of the bulky nature of papyrus manuscripts it may be mentioned that Ovid's Metamorphoses occupied fifteen rolls. The abundance of papyrus in Egypt, the chief source of its production, the magnificence of the kings of that country, and the concourse of learned men who resorted thither, caused it to become the seat of those immense libraries which we read of as having perished in the flames during the siege of Alexandria by Julius Caesar, B. C. 47, under Theodosius about A. D. 388, and finally under Omar the Saracen about A. D. 639. During this interval, however, the Alexandrian library had been increased by the addition of that of Eumenes, king of Pergamos, which had been presented by Marc Antony to Cleopatra. The volumes composing this latter were written largely on parchment, and, according to the old story, this material was invented or discovered by Eumenes, about 200 B. C., in consequence of a prohibition laid on the exportation of papyrus from Egypt, due to
May 7th, 1872 AD (search for this): chapter 16
er 17, 1871, describes a mode of attaching artificial teeth to the base by solid pieces of the same material as the base. Hyatt and Hyatt, December 5, 1871, describe and exhibit an apparatus for molding dental plates, consisting of 3, flask press and an oil bath, heated by a lamp. Newton, April 23, 1872, describes a mode of attaching pyroxyline backing to artificial teeth, by softening, shaping, and puncturing the backing, and then pressing it upon the pins of the teeth. Pursell, May 7, 1872, describes a flask, clamping-attachment, and case, forming an apparatus for attaching artificial teeth to the pyroxyline base. Hyatt and Hyatt, November 19, 1872, describe process and apparatus for manufacturing celluloid. The mixture of pyroxyline and gum-camphor is pressed into cakes and then pressed in a pile with alternating layers of paper. The combined materials are pressed by a plunger in a heated cylinder, dissolved, and discharged at a nozzle in a continuous rod or sheet.
April 8th, 1873 AD (search for this): chapter 16
ts fold, and, retreating, is followed by the lower end-folder, which completes the bottom. The former now rises, and, as a new feed is accomplished, its interior piston ejects the bag from the former on to a table, from which it is fed by an apron against the upper of a pair of rolls, where a vibrating bar breaks down its upper edge and forces the lower corner of the bottom into the bite of said rolls, which press and deliver it flat. Crowell bag. Fig. 3512 shows the Crowell bag, April 8, 1873, in which the edges of a strip of paper are folded in and then a portion lapped outwardly, the face of the latter being pasted. By doubling the strip thus prepared inward and outward, zigzag fashion, as at m, the parts become united together in pairs, faces fastening paste to paste, and alternating with unpasted portions lying back to back. The bolt thus made is cut along the edges m′, which separates the pile into bags which are like m′ when fully distended. See also his patent, Octo
December 13th, 1855 AD (search for this): chapter 16
level to receive the ink and may be printed as type or woodcuts. Paul Pretsch, November 9, 1854, prepared a surface of bichromated gelatine with other less essential chemicals, and exposed under a transparent positive. By plunging this, after exposure, into water, the unaltered gelatine swells into relief, forming a surface which may be copied by the galvanoplastic or stereotype process to form a relief-printing process. Also known as a photo-Galvanograph (which see). Poitevin, December 13, 1855, had a process substantially similar, using plaster hardened with protosulphate of iron to obtain a cast. Osborne and Robertson, in 1860, transferred the photolitho- graphic transfer-sheet to zinc and etched the zinc to make a relief. Leggo, about 1866, coated the back of a transparent positive with gelatine and bichromate, allowing it to gelatinize only, not to dry, exposed from the face, and finally washed away the unaltered gelatine, leaving a number of depressions, correspon
1800 BC (search for this): chapter 16
Isis found out the way of cultivating wheat and barley, which before grew here and there in the fields, among the common herbs and grass, and the use of them was unknown. — Diodorus Siculus. The early deifications were many of them of individuals who had opened up sources of agricultural prosperity. Isis was the Greek Ceres; Osiris became Bacchus, the Father Liber of the erudite Pliny The great efficiency of the engineering works believed to have been executed by Sesostris, about 1800 B. C., indicates a great progress in the agriculture to which this scheme of irrigation was subservient. The alluvium of the valley of the Nile, however, never was plowed in the manner we consider essential to good husbandry on our soils. Some of the Egyptians lightly run over the surface of the earth with a plow, after the water is fallen, and gain a mighty crop without any great cost or pains. — Diodorus Siculus (60 B. C.). The paintings in the Memphis pyramids show plows with one an
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