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Lisbon (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
laces the coast of China (by estimate), only 100° west of the Azores. Marinus of Tyre had advanced the Chinese coast to the longitude of the Sandwich Islands, being misdirected by the calculations in the Asiatic itineraries, and thereby giving to the old continent a breadth of 225° instead of 129°. Ptolemy's geography estimated the Chinese coast at the longitude of the Carolinas. So Columbus started west on an uncertain expedition, and, believing Behaim, with whom he had been associated at Lisbon, 1480 – 84, concluded that in reaching land he had found Cathay. He caused the whole crews of his squadron (about eighty sailors) to swear that they believed he might go from Antilia (Cuba) to Spain by land, keeping west. Having letters from the Catholic monarchs to the Great Mogul Khan in Cathay, he sent on shore a baptized Jew who was acquainted with some of the Oriental languages, but his messenger failed to make connection. Columbus died before the error was discovered; he named the n
Canada (Canada) (search for this): chapter 7
h recipe: Black pitch, 28; Burgundy pitch, 28; beeswax, 16; grease, 14; yellow ocher, 14. Melt 4 parts beeswax; 1 part Canada balsam (balsam of fir); pour while hot on thin paper, so as to cut in strips for convenient use; a little vermilion addeds they are, not being entirely pure, but sufficiently so for most purposes. It is found in many of our own States and in Canada, in veins and disseminated in quartz and other rock, from which it is separated by stamping in water and floating off the, but in the quartz it is often in disseminated scales. In Ceylon it is in well-detined veins. In the United States and Canada it occurs in irregular veins and in nests, patches, and pockets, the only reliable veins known being those of the Americad as graving-docks. Two of the latter have the following dimensions: — Depth of Water at Sill. Feet. Length.Width. Canada dock-lock50010026 Huskisson dock-lock3968024.75 Birkenhead dock-lock5008530.25 16 graving-docks of Liverpool300-70040-
Stirling (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
ellet in the base of the bullet. By position it may be rear-fire, front-fire, side-fire, center-fire. See. cartridge; fire-arm. Gun-look Ham′mer. The cock or striker of a fire-arm lock. See gun-lock. Gun-met′al. A bronze from which cannon may be cast. Ordinarily 9 parts copper and 1 tin. Other metals have been sometimes added or substituted for the tin, copper still remaining the basis of the alloy. A few examples are given. Copper.Tin.Zinc.Iron. Common formula91 Stirling's (English）50251 – 8 Rosthorn's (Austrian）55.040.8342.361.77 Rosthorn's (Austrian）57.630.1540.221.86 Navy (Austrian）6038.121.8 Birkholtz (U. States)60382.0 Copper.Aluminum.Zinc.Iron. Keirs (English, 1799）1007510 Lancaster's (English）9010 See alloy. The Rosthorn (Austrian) alloys are known as sterro-metal. One variety is soft, ductile, and capable of being worked into sheets or wire. The other is hard, and is represented as suitable for ordnance. From experim
Leodium (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 7
East. Stained-glass windows were in the basilica of St. Sophia and other churches in Constantinople, in the sixth century; painted glass windows not till two or three centuries later, notably in the reign of Charlemagne. Some windows executed in the tenth to the twelfth centuries are yet in existence in Europe. The fifteenth century (cinque cento), under Albrecht Durer and others, produced many beautiful specimens, some of which still remain; for instances, the Church of St. Jacques at Liege, and windows ornamented by the Crabeths at Gouda, in Holland. 2. The mosaic stain. In this mode the window is made up of detached pieces, as in the mosaic; but the shades are given by a stain of brown, which seems to have been the first color which the artists succeeded in firing on to the pieces of glass. 3. The enamel. By this all the required colors (see glass-coloring) are painted upon the same piece of glass and fired in the kiln, producing the effect of an oil-painting. William
Cordoba (Spain) (search for this): chapter 7
ho studied astronomy among the Saracens in Spain, and was afterwards Pope Sylvester II., A. D. 1000, used in his school at Rheims a terrestrial globe brought from Cordova. While Rome was asserting, in all its absurdity, the flatness of the earth, the Spanish Moors were teaching geography in their common schools from globes. In ed to the great astronomer Ptolemy (about A. D. 130). Al Idrisi made one of silver for Roger II. of Sicily (A. D. 1131), and Gerbert used one he had brought from Cordova in the school he established at Rheims (about A. D. 975). — Draper. The globe of Gottorp is a concave sphere, 11 feet in diameter, with seats inside for spectine indicating the equinox. The ruthless conquerors thought it was an idol, and did not comprehend that they were on the equator. The men who were expelled from Cordova about 290 years previous could have explained the use of the pillar. See dial. 2. An instrument, more employed formerly than now, for measuring altitudes and
Derbyshire (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
kinds, a number of which are cited under gold-mining, the machines and devices being also enumerated in the specific index metallurgy (which see). The pan, the rocking-cradle, the shaking-table (Fig. 2266), the inclined chute, the series of settling-vats, the trough with slats or rifles, the vertically reciprocated sieve, are types of machines which have many varieties and names. The nomenclature of mining is very fall, but a large number of its terms are local. In England the miners of Derbyshire and Cornwall have, to some extent, their own sets of terms, and these differ in many respects from those which obtain in the coal regions. See specific list under mining. Edrisi, the Arab geographer (about 1150), the friend of Roger II. of Sicily, speaks of the employment of quicksilver in the gold-washings made by the negroes of Sofala as a long-known practice, and the use of this metal in gathering gold has increased with the lapse of time. See amalgamator. Gold-wire. Gold-
Birmingham (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
y gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exles£2,000,000 Number of exhibitors,— British7,381 Foreign6,556 13,957 In 1838, Mr. Robert Lucas Chance, of Birmingham, England, successfully introduced the manufacture of Bohemian sheet-glass into his district. Mr. James Chance perfected thform density and refracting power into one large mass by pressure while in a plastic state. In 1855, Messrs. Chance of Birmingham exhibited at the Exposition of that year a pair of disks, crown and flint, about an inch larger than those of M. Pfeil.lling glass, to make plate-glass and avoid the undulating surface incident to blown window-glass. Messrs. Chance, of Birmingham, expended £ 100,--000 in trying to perfect the machinery therefor, but failed to accomplish it, and abandoned the enter
Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
times, and in many countries. In China, these exudations, either natural or resulting from deep boring, have been utilized from time immemorial for lighting towns in the neighborhood of these jets. In boring for salt water, imprisoned reservoirs of carbureted hydrogen have been reached, and the gas thus obtained has been utilized in China, and in the valley of the Kanawha, West Virginia, in evaporating the brine. Gas flowing naturally is or has been used in the neigh borhood of Fredonia, New York; Portland, on Lake Erie; Wigan, Great Britain (in 1667); and in many other places. The uses made of it by the Magi, or fire-worshippers of Persia, have not been properly examined or determined; but the holy fires of Baku, on the shore of the Caspian, have attained some celebrity, and are maintained by a natural stream of carbureted hydrogen. Paracelsus remarked the disengagement of gas when iron was dissolved in sulphuric acid. Van Helmont, a Belgian chemist, gave it the name o
Jena (Thuringia, Germany) (search for this): chapter 7
t an amusing experiment, and no more. In 1792, Mr. Murdoch, of Redruth, Cornwall, England, erected a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted his house and garden, and proposed to light the city of Paris. The English periodicals of 1803 and thereabout refer to the proposition of Murdoch to use the gas obtained by the distillation of coal, and state that the use of the gas for light, heat, ammonia, or oil would be an infringement of the patent of the Earl of Dundonald; farther, that the amount of water produced by the combination of the
Cornwall (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
er of which are cited under gold-mining, the machines and devices being also enumerated in the specific index metallurgy (which see). The pan, the rocking-cradle, the shaking-table (Fig. 2266), the inclined chute, the series of settling-vats, the trough with slats or rifles, the vertically reciprocated sieve, are types of machines which have many varieties and names. The nomenclature of mining is very fall, but a large number of its terms are local. In England the miners of Derbyshire and Cornwall have, to some extent, their own sets of terms, and these differ in many respects from those which obtain in the coal regions. See specific list under mining. Edrisi, the Arab geographer (about 1150), the friend of Roger II. of Sicily, speaks of the employment of quicksilver in the gold-washings made by the negroes of Sofala as a long-known practice, and the use of this metal in gathering gold has increased with the lapse of time. See amalgamator. Gold-wire. Gold-wire, so calle
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