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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
e in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, from which it is fed to the fire as the lower stratum burns. The supply is thus continuous, the hopper holding a supply for any given time, according to its capacity. The idea seems to have originated in the Constant furnace of the alchemists. See Athanor. James Watt contrived a smoke-consuming furnace on that principle. See smoke-consuming furnace. The principle of the base-burner is also found in the furnace exhibited in 1685 by M. Delasme, at the fair of St. Germain. It consisted of a long tube like an inverted siphon, the longest leg of which formed the chimney and the shortest the furnace. The fuel was deposited on a grating near the top of the shortest leg, being supplied from above. Soon after ignition of the fuel, heat was communicated to the longest leg or chimney, and by that means a current of air was caused to pass downward through the fuel and under the grate, where the smoke was consumed. Base-b
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ch bleached or dyed cotton and linen goods are stretched, starched, glossed, and pressed, vet the calendering-machine proper is a machine between whose loaded rollers the cloth is passed to give it the finish and luster desired. Cloth which was formerly calendered by burnishing with a smooth flint-stone, is now glazed by passing between rollers, one of which moves slower than the other, so that a rubbing action is obtained. The machine was introduced into England by the Huguenots about 1685, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This edict was granted to the Protestants of France by Henry IV., April 13, 1598, and revoked by Louis XIV., October 22, 1685. They scattered to England, to Charleston, S. C., and other places, taking their industry and their skill with them. The fabric is first damped by passing it slowly over the damping or degging machine, containing a circular brush, the points of which, as they rapidly revolve, just touch the surface of the water and dash a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
they slip into grooves in the partition. A proper-ledged door is one made of boards placed side by side with battens called ledges at the back. With a diagonal piece at the back, in addition, it is said to be framed and ledged. Door-a-larm′. A device attached to a door, to give an audible notice when the door is opened or tampered with. See burglar-alarm. Door-bell. A bell attached to a door or doorpost, or hung by a handle exposed outside of the door. In the example (Fig. 1685), the end of the lever, attached by a wire to the bell-pull, strikes a spur on the cam, one end of which, as it turns, forces down a bar attached by a bent wire to the hammer, till, the spur being released, the rebound causes the gong to be struck. Door-gong. In other instances, the bell or gong is sounded by the simple turning of the handle. Door-case. The frame of a door, in which it swings and fits. Door-fast′en-er. A portable contrivance for fastening a door. It usuall
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
d sale of cloth. Edward III. encouraged the immigration of weavers and cloth-makers, but the art does not seem to have flourished in England as it did on the Continent, as wool continued to be a staple article of export. During the persecutions of the Duke of Alva in Flanders, in the sixteenth century, many Flemish weavers settled in England, and introduced or promoted the manufacture of baizes, serges, crapes, and other descriptions of stuffs. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 (granted to the French Protestants by Henry IV. in 1598, confirmed by Louis XIII. in 1610, and by Louis XIV. in 1652), by Louis XIV. drove from France many ingenious artisans, who carried with them to England and other countries the arts of silk working, making crystal glass, jewelry, etc. In weaving plain cloth the threads which run lengthwise of the fabric constitute the warp. Those in the direction of the width are called the weft, woof, shoot, or tram. The warp is divided into t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
alchemists of the Middle Ages. This was the original base-burning furnace, and was adopted to keep up a continuous supply to the fire, which it was hoped would eventually transmute the baser metals into gold. See Athanor. Delasme's furnace, 1685, is not exactly a magazine, but is a downward-draft furnace. See smoke-consuming furnace. Watt's base-burner furnace had a magazine (English patent of 1785). The fire is fed from a reservoir above, and the resulting volatile products pass thrrnamental impressions are protected by the edges, and the coins when piled are enabled to stand steadily. The machine is described in its place under coining which see). Castaining's machine for milling coin was introduced into the French mint in 1685. See also B, Fig. 3151. For milling, as a mode of planing to shape, see milling-machine. 2. (Porcelain.) The mastication and grinding of slip for porcelain, giving it the final working to develop plasticity. 3. (Cloth.) A fulling p
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
ftener than once a week until about the reign of Queen Anne, when the demand for news from the Duke of Marlborough's army led to their being issued tri-weekly. The first London daily was the Courant, published by Samuel Buckley in 1703. The first established newspaper in England, outside of London, is believed to have been the Norwich postman, 1706. The first actually published in Scotland was at Edinburgh in 1654. The Dublin News-letter, the earliest Irish paper, was established in 1685. In the United States a newspaper was attempted as early as 1690. The first number was dated September 25 of that year, but its farther issue was prevented by the colonial government, it being published contrary to law, and containing reflections of a very high nature. In 1704 the Boston News-letter, published by authority, was established by John Campbell, and in 1719 the Boston gazette, also by authority. To these succeeded the New England Courant, by James Franklin, a brother of the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
soaking in water and drying before a charcoal fire. They are hardened by soaking in a hot solution of alum. The yellow color so much admired is conferred upon the quill by a dip into nitric acid. Iron pens are mentioned by Chamberlayne in 1685. The first metallic pens regularly introduced for sale were by Wise, about 1803. They were made in barrel form, being adapted to slip on a stick, and under the name of perpetual pen were industriously distributed throughout the stationers' shothe wheel must always be equal, and that the two sides must, therefore, be in equilibrio, persons are found who are willing to spend time and money in the attempt to construct motors, maintainers, or increasers of power. In another old form (1685 A. D.), the arms or spokes of the wheel are tubular and carry bellows containing quicksilver at each end; the idea being that when the wheel was set in motion the quicksilver would flow from each bellows as it rose above the horizontal line passing t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), Q. (search)
y are plunged into heated sand, to make the exterior skin peel off and the interior membrane shrivel up. This may be performed by alternate soaking in water and drying before a charcoal fire. They are hardened by soaking in a hot solution of alum. The yellow color is conferred by a quick dip into nitric acid. Bramah probably first suggested quill-nibs, and patented a machine for making them. These nibs were the precursors of the steel nibs. Iron pens were mentioned by Chamberlayne in 1685. Not like the iron pen of Job, which was a chisel or graver. See steel pen. The barrels of the quills were first slit longitudinally into halves; these were subdivided into blanks for nibs, and the latter were formed and slit in a third operation. See pen-maker. Quilt′ing. 1. Loom-made quilts appear to be two distinct cloths, tied, as it were, together by stitches which go through both cloths, and by the crossing and interchange of warp-threads from the lower to the upper set,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
other the French King. as he styles him. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., in 1685, drove 50,000 Protestants from France, and materially aided in spreading the manufacture of silk,ed and replenished it. b. Delasme's baseburning furnace, exhibited by him at St. Germain's, in 1685. It was in the form of an inverted siphon: the shorter leg c contained a grate o, and served as e iron-pen of modern times was an experimental affair probably, and is mentioned by Chamberlaque, 1685. The first steel-pen in regular use was made by Wise, in London, in 1803, and for several years -burner, though its magazine was not central, like the modern A baseburner stove (a) was shown in 1685 at the fair of St. Germain, in France, by M. Delasme (Fig. 5911). See pages 242 and 2225. The Fig. 5912), and Littlefield's, 1853, 1854 (Fig 5913). Roasting-stove. Delasme's base-burner (1685). Next to Riz may be cited the Watt patent of 1785 for a fuelreservoir steam-boiler furnace,