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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
valued at £ 40,000. This source of supply eventually failed, but the loss was scarcely felt, as a number of other mines had been discovered in various parts of the world. The ancients drew lines and letters with leaden styles, and afterward an alloy of lead an tin was used. Pliny refers to the use of lead for ruling lines on papyrus. La Moine cites a document of 1387 ruled with graphite. Slips of graphite in wooden sticks (pencils) are mentioned by Gesner, Zurich, in 1565; he credits England with the production. They were doubtless the product of the Borrowdale mine, then lately discovered. In the early part of the seventeenth century, black-lead pencils are distinctly described by several writers. They are noticed by Ambrosinus, 1648; spoken of by Pettus, in 1683, as inclosed in fir or cedar. Red and black chalk pencils were used in Germany in 1450; in fact, fragments of chalk, charcoal, and shaped sticks of colored minerals had been in use since times previous to all hi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
inst a flatfaced roller, usually made of leather or raw-hide disks on a mandrel. Fig. 5964 has spiral knives, with roller. Spiral-knife straw-cutter. In Fig. 5965, the edges of the spiral knives cut against corresponding surfaces of comparatively soft metal which are clamped in the arms of the cylinder above. Straw-cutter. c. In Fig. 5966, one roller has spiral knives and the other spiral abutment corrugations, whose intervals are entered by the knives. The furze-cutter of England has interlocking spiral knives, like that just described. See Fig. 946, page 392. d. Rollers with spiral flanges mutually interlocking, as in the Macomber patent, November 5, 1850. Fig. 5967 is an illustration of a machine in which the flanges make a shear-cut past each other. IV. Cutting-knives upon a cylinder on a horizontal axis in front of the throat, and cutting toward the opening. Spiral-knife straw-cutter. Salmon of Woburn, England, about 70 years since, introduced