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Richard Henry Dana (search for this): chapter 31
terwards became one of them. I broke down my eyes at Harvard College, and candor compels me to say, however, that I didn't break them down studying. I sat up a good part of one night and read Oliver Twist by candle-light. The book was just then published, and was very badly printed. When I got through I thought I would never see again. It was three o'clock in the morning. Well, in those days when a person broke down his eyes he had to try farming or else to go to sea---my cousin, Richard Henry Dana, spent two years before the mast for that reason, and a noble book he made out of it. Some of my friends said to me, Now is your chance; go out to Brook Farm. So I went there. I had known them well before, and they kindly took me in. After I had been there a month or two I was elected one of the trustees, and from that time out I was fully in the movement. A great deal of romance has been written and more has been talked about the transactions at Brook Farm. The city people who w
longer possessed the fine library that he had previous to our experiment; it was sold to pay off the creditors. We were all proud of the fact, though he never spoke of it. And in a general way our experience was duplicated by the other associations or phalanxes. Without our special misfortune they all came to a similar end. I don't know of one of them that lasted till 1860. That is the story of the socialist movement of that day, and it certainly went far beyond the dreams with which Coleridge and Southey and their friends are said to have entertained their youth a hundred years before. We may say that, as a reform of society, the movement accomplished nothing. But what it did accomplish was a great deal of good for those who were concerned in it and no great loss for any of those who furnished money. Still the questions remain: Is the theory sound? Is that sort of social reform practicable? Fourier said it was, and that in the revolutions of time it would be brought about
George Bancroft (search for this): chapter 31
reat importance, men whose names remain in literature. There was Mr. Emerson, perhaps the first man, in his famous discourse on nature, to declare aggressively in this country the doctrine of this Transcendental school. Mr. George Ripley, a Unitarian minister in Boston, was another advocate of it. He was a man of high education, immense knowledge, and of ability and courage equal to any man's. In this party of Transcendental philosophers the idea early arose — it was first stated by Mr. George Bancroft, the historian, who sympathized thoroughly with the Transcendentalists — that democracy, while it existed in the Constitution of the United States, while it had triumphed as a political party under Jefferson, and while it was then in possession of a majority of the governments of the States, and at times of the government of the United States, was not enough. That was not the perfect realization of democracy. If democracy was the sublime truth which it was held to be, it should be r
John Cheever (search for this): chapter 31
the brook. A large majority of the Brook-Farmers were literary people or of literary associations, but there were people of other callings among them, too. There was a pressman and a grocer, each with his family. Several had been farmers' hired men. There was an English girl who had been a domestic, and a very superior woman she was. I also remember particularly an Englishman who came to Brook Farm from his service as valet to an English baronet then staying in Boston. His name was John Cheever, and he proved to be one of the most entertaining members of the society. He was very amusing, and always pleasant as a companion at table, for we all took our meals in the same room. There was no social differentiation at Brook Farm. They began operations with zeal. They planted their crops and cultivated them, and these studious men, whose hands were soft before, and who had never touched a ploughshare or a sickle in all their lives, now set to work as farmers. As a result, their
Horace Greeley (search for this): chapter 31
dred families may live under one roof, and yet have an independent style of life. His views were greatly strengthened in their influence by the adhesion of Mr. Horace Greeley, of the New York Tribune, then lately established. Mr. Greeley embraced the associative doctrine very early and with great enthusiasm and zeal. He saw theMr. Greeley embraced the associative doctrine very early and with great enthusiasm and zeal. He saw the economical advantages; he saw that a thousand people might live together and save money in a combined household, even when none of them might have enough to live on separately; yet he did not profess to understand the philosophical theory of Fourier. His advocacy had great weight, and for a long period the newspaper which GreeleGreeley conducted, the New York Tribune, set apart one or two columns every day, for which the editor didn't assume any responsibility, but which were conducted by Brisbane. That produced a great effect all over the country. Mr. Parke Godwin's writings, and those of the Rev. W. H. Channing on the same subject, were likewise of extraord
ssed the fine library that he had previous to our experiment; it was sold to pay off the creditors. We were all proud of the fact, though he never spoke of it. And in a general way our experience was duplicated by the other associations or phalanxes. Without our special misfortune they all came to a similar end. I don't know of one of them that lasted till 1860. That is the story of the socialist movement of that day, and it certainly went far beyond the dreams with which Coleridge and Southey and their friends are said to have entertained their youth a hundred years before. We may say that, as a reform of society, the movement accomplished nothing. But what it did accomplish was a great deal of good for those who were concerned in it and no great loss for any of those who furnished money. Still the questions remain: Is the theory sound? Is that sort of social reform practicable? Fourier said it was, and that in the revolutions of time it would be brought about by natural ca
George Ripley (search for this): chapter 31
country the doctrine of this Transcendental school. Mr. George Ripley, a Unitarian minister in Boston, was another advocate Transcendental party that I have been speaking of, with Mr. Ripley and his associates, he emphatically declined. The Trans must remain apart. It was in the spring of 1841 that Mr. Ripley and his friends determined to buy a farm of two hundred n the spring and took possession of their farm. Next to Mrs. Ripley and Mr. Ripley, the most distinguished person who went wMr. Ripley, the most distinguished person who went with them was Nathaniel Hawthorne. He had also adopted the idea that he would like to work out-doors. He had got tired of the majority of the members was not shaken. The faith of Mr. Ripley especially, a philosopher of the first order, was just ahat which it is convenient for them to do. For instance, Mr. Ripley, the head of the phalanx, was the chief of the cow-milkia morning newspaper. We all began anew very soon except Mr. Ripley. He remained and settled up the affairs. And when the
Adin Ballou (search for this): chapter 31
atures of Fourier's system. The same determination was reached in other places. There was a party in Northampton, Massachusetts, which organized a small association. There was one begun by a Universalist clergyman, a most excellent man, the Rev. Adin Ballou, at Peacedale, also in Massachusetts. He was a non-resistant; so much so that I remember when a proposition was made to him, after several months, to combine his society with the Transcendental party that I have been speaking of, with Mr. Ripley and his associates, he emphatically declined. The Transcendentalists said, Let us all go in together and put our resources together, then we shall be a good deal stronger and our chance of success will be increased. No, said Mr. Ballou, we cannot do it. We are non-resistants, and you tolerate the application of force in government. Therefore we must remain apart. It was in the spring of 1841 that Mr. Ripley and his friends determined to buy a farm of two hundred and odd acres in We
Bronson Alcott (search for this): chapter 31
ns of government, and who would not hold any office. Edmund Quincy, in Boston, one of the most charming men I have ever known, rejected his commission as a justice of the peace, which Governor Everett sent to him, because he could not conscientiously hold any office the exercise of which implied the use of physical force. Some of those moral standards which were set up at that time seem to us nowadays to have been fine-spun and unsubstantial. I remember one of my friends, the late Mr. Bronson Alcott, a gentleman of distinction in his day, a philosopher and a writer of singular subtlety and elevation. He came to the conclusion that the use of fire in cooking was wicked, that there could be no purity, nothing heavenly in food that was cooked by fire Why? Fire belonged in the other place. Another of his notions, which several of his friends adopted with him, was that it was wrong to use sheeps' wool in making clothes, because nature gave the sheep its fleece for its protection an
Margaret Fuller (search for this): chapter 31
g, or those who stayed in the evening and attended one of the literary conferences, which were often held, were always much impressed. Mr. Emerson came once or twice a year, and when he came there was a gathering in the parlor, and he would discourse, and some one else would discourse, and others would ask questions, and there would be a discussion of some interesting literary or philosophical theme, and everybody listened with pleasure to this high debate. The same was the case when Margaret Fuller paid us an occasional visit. It was really delightful, and it gave a kind of character and reputation to the place that it never would have got from the more prosaic mowing and haying that went on there in the daytime. Then the opportunity of education was open to everybody who belonged to the society. Every person, member or member's child, paid so much for his board, and the Greek and Latin, the esthetic philosophy, the singing and dancing were thrown in. But the regular students w
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