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Browsing named entities in a specific section of George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 10. Search the whole document.

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Vienna (Wien, Austria) (search for this): chapter 2
me reason it asserted precedence over every royal house, and would not own an equal, even in the empress of Russia. Since Austria, deserting its old connection with England, had bound itself with France, and the two powers had faithfully fought together in the seven years war, it would have seemed at least that the imperial court was bound to favor its Bourbon ally in the great contest for American independence. But we have seen an American agent rebuffed alike from the foreign office in Vienna and from the saloons of Kaunitz. The emperor, Joseph the Second, no less than his mother, from first to last condemned the rising of the American people as a wrong done to the principle of superior power; and his sympathy as a monarch was constant to England. Such was the policy of the arch-house and its famous minister at this period of American history. But Prussia proved the depth and vigor of its roots by the manner of its wrestling with the storm; the Hapsburg alliance with Bourbon
Pacific Ocean (search for this): chapter 2
ught opportunities of illicit trade. The British cut down foresttrees, useful in the workshop and the dye-house, and carried them off as unappropriated products of nature. Chap. I.} 1778. The Russian flag waved on the American shore of the North Pacific. To all these dangers from abroad, Charles the Third had added another, by making war on the so-called company of Jesus. Of the prelates of Spain, seven archbishops and twenty-eight bishops, two-thirds of them all, not only approved the ed with precision in Spain, where the Jesuit priests, without regard to their birth, education, or age, were sent on board ships to land where they could. They were executed less perfectly in Mexico and California, and still less so along the South Pacific coast and the waters of the La Plata. But the power of Spain in her colonies had been promoted by the unwearied activity of the Jesuits. Their banishment weakened her authority over Spanish emigrants, and still more confused the minds of
Russia (Russia) (search for this): chapter 2
fied by the church; so that any new acquisition could easily be regarded but as a recovery of a rightful part of its dominions. For the same reason it asserted precedence over every royal house, and would not own an equal, even in the empress of Russia. Since Austria, deserting its old connection with England, had bound itself with France, and the two powers had faithfully fought together in the seven years war, it would have seemed at least that the imperial court was bound to favor its Bouovinces at the mercy of their neighbors, and there were statesmen in Eng- Chap. I.} 1778. land who wished for peace, in order that their country might speak with authority on the Bosphorus and within the Euxine. Of the three northern powers, Russia was for the United States the most important; for Great Britain with ceaseless importunity sought its alliance: but its empress put aside every request to take an active part in the American contest, and repeatedly advised the restoration of peac
Sweden (Sweden) (search for this): chapter 2
the Bosphorus, and wondered why Christians of the west should prefer to maintain Mussulmans at Constantinople. Of England, she loved and venerated the people; but she had contempt for its king and for his ministry, of which she noticed the many blunders and foretold the fall. On the other hand, she esteemed Vergennes as a wise and able minister, but did not love the French nation. Compare Arneth's Maria Theresia und Joseph II., ihre Correspondenz, III. 268. In Gustavus the Third of Sweden, the nephew of Frederic of Prussia, France might expect a friend. The revolution of 1771, in favor of the royal prerogative, had been aided by French subsidies and the counsels of Vergennes, who was selected for the occasion to be the French minister at Stockholm. The oldest colonizers of the Delaware were Swedes, and a natural affection bound their descendants to the mother country. The adventurous king had the ambition to possess a colony, and France inclined to gratify his wish. His p
Gulf of Mexico (search for this): chapter 2
. The management of its foreign dependencies— colonies they could not properly be called, nor could Spain be named their mother country—was to that kingdom an object of anxiety and never-sleeping suspicion, heightened by a perpetual consciousness that the task of governing them was beyond its ability. The total number of their inhabitants greatly exceeded its own. By their very extent, embracing, Chap. I.} 1778. at least in theory, all the Pacific coast of America; and north of the Gulf of Mexico the land eastward to the Mississippi, or even to the Alleghanies, it could have no feeling of their subordination. The remoteness of the provinces on the Pacific still more weakened the tie of supremacy, which was nowhere confirmed by a common language, inherited traditions, or affinities of race. There was no bond of patriotism, or sense of the joint possession of political rights, or inbred loyalty. The connection between rulers and ruled was one of force alone; and the force was in
Ratisbon (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 2
His people, as builders and owners of ships, favored the largest interpretation of the maritime Chap. I.} 1778. rights of neutrals; and we shall see their king, who had dashing courage, though not perseverance, now and then show himself as the boldest champion of the liberty of the seas. Denmark, the remaining northern kingdom, was itself a colonial power, possessing small West India islands, and a foothold in the East. Its king, as Duke of Holstein, had a voice in the German Diet at Ratisbon. Its people were of a noble race; it is the land which, first of European states, forbade the slavetrade, and which, before the end of the century, abolished the remains of serfdom. In 1778, a half-witted king, every day growing feebler in mind, yet in name preserving the functions of royalty; a crown prince of but ten years old, whose mother, divorced for adultery, had died in her youth an exile; a council of state, having the brother of the king for a member, and divided into two near
Bonaparte (search for this): chapter 2
had been rescued; and it was the chief boast of Kaunitz that he had effected that alliance. Twenty years after it was framed, his language was still: Austria and Bourbon are natural allies, and have to regard the Protestant powers as their common rivals and enemies. Ibid., 98. Further; the Austrian court in the time of Kaunith France, and the two powers had faithfully fought together in the seven years war, it would have seemed at least that the imperial court was bound to favor its Bourbon ally in the great contest for American independence. But we have seen an American agent rebuffed alike from the foreign office in Vienna and from the saloons of at this period of American history. But Prussia proved the depth and vigor of its roots by the manner of its wrestling with the storm; the Hapsburg alliance with Bourbon brought no advantage, and passed away, like everything else that is hollow and insincere. Bavaria still stands, clad in prouder honors than before. Of the thron
Stockholm (Sweden) (search for this): chapter 2
told the fall. On the other hand, she esteemed Vergennes as a wise and able minister, but did not love the French nation. Compare Arneth's Maria Theresia und Joseph II., ihre Correspondenz, III. 268. In Gustavus the Third of Sweden, the nephew of Frederic of Prussia, France might expect a friend. The revolution of 1771, in favor of the royal prerogative, had been aided by French subsidies and the counsels of Vergennes, who was selected for the occasion to be the French minister at Stockholm. The oldest colonizers of the Delaware were Swedes, and a natural affection bound their descendants to the mother country. The adventurous king had the ambition to possess a colony, and France inclined to gratify his wish. His people, as builders and owners of ships, favored the largest interpretation of the maritime Chap. I.} 1778. rights of neutrals; and we shall see their king, who had dashing courage, though not perseverance, now and then show himself as the boldest champion of th
Denmark (Denmark) (search for this): chapter 2
shing courage, though not perseverance, now and then show himself as the boldest champion of the liberty of the seas. Denmark, the remaining northern kingdom, was itself a colonial power, possessing small West India islands, and a foothold in thes, Andreas Petrus Grafen von Bernstorf, von C. M. D. von Eggers, 93. Complying with the suggestion of the English court, Danish subjects were forbidden to send, Chap. I.} 1778. even to Danish West India islands, munitions of war, lest they should find their way to the United States. Danish order of 4 Oct., 1775. The Danish and Norwegian ports were closed against prizes taken by American privateers. Yet, from its commercial interests, Denmark was forced to observe and to claim the rights ofDenmark was forced to observe and to claim the rights of a neutral. Freedom has its favorite home on the mountains or by the sea. Of the two European republics of the last century, the one had established itself among the head-springs of the Rhine, the other at its mouth. America sheltered itself und
Brazil (Brazil) (search for this): chapter 2
in her dominions; but he had learned from experience to recoil from war, and longed for tranquillity in his old age. A very costly and most unsuccessful expedition against Algiers, and a protracted strife with Portugal respecting the extension of Brazil to the La Plata, where Pombal by active forethought long counterbalanced superior power, had wasted the resources of his worldwide monarchy. Its revenue amounted to not much more than twenty millions of dollars, and a large annual deficit rapidlmonths later, on the 1777. Feb. 24. twenty-fourth of February, 1777, the weak-minded, superstitious Maria the First succeeded to the throne, Pombal retired before reactionary imbecility. Portugal, in exchange for a tract of land conterminous to Brazil, withdrew from the La Plata, and was scarcely heard of again during the war. In the south-east of Europe, the chief political 1778. interest for the United States centred in the joint rulers of the Austrian empire. The Danube, first of river
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