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Austria (Austria) (search for this): chapter 4
is dearest friend to aid in curbing the ambition of Austria: All hope for our freedom and the preservation of tal Providence. The prince who, next to Joseph of Austria, governed at that time the largest number of men ha heartily his ally. Russia will soon leave him for Austria. His great deeds become to him so many anxieties; ctual liberty, and the liberty of Germany, against Austria, which uses Chap. III.} the imperial crown only foeath of the childless elector of Bavaria, Joseph of Austria was prepared, under the false pretext of a right ofienna. Kaunitz, who made it the cardinal point of Austrian policy to overthrow the kingdom of Prussia, looked1777. As the only way to bridle the ambition of Austria, and to preserve the existence of his own kingdom aaid, would follow, and no alliance would be left to Austria except that with England. Ibid., 2 Oct., 1777, ascue Bavaria and with it Germany from absorption by Austria, except in the good — will of France and Russia.
Sweden (Sweden) (search for this): chapter 4
hances were one hundred to one in favor of great advantages to France; that the colonies would sustain their independence. Frederic to Goltz, 25 Dec., 1777. Compare Frederic to Maltzan, 22 Dec., 1777. Balancing the disasters of Burgoyne with the successes of Howe, he wrote: These triumphs of Howe are ephemeral. The ministry would feel a counterblow if the English had not degenerated from their ancient spirit. They may get funds, but where will they get twenty thousand men? Neither Sweden nor Denmark will furnish them; and, as she is at variance with Holland, she will find no assistance there. Will England apply to the small princes of the empire? Their military force is already too much absorbed. I see no gate at which she can knock for auxiliaries; and nothing remains to her but her electorate of Hanover, exposed to be invaded by France the moment that she shall leave it bare of troops. Frederic to Maltzan, 18 Dec., 1777. England made originally an awkward mistake
Versailles (France) (search for this): chapter 4
ide gave the hint that France, if it should become involved in the conflict, would confine itself to a maritime war. Goltz to Frederic, 26 Dec., 1776. The year 1777 opened with nearer approaches be- 1777. tween the courts of Potsdam and Versailles. Frederic to Goltz, 2 Jan., 1777, and Goltz to Frederic, 2 Jan., 1777. Frederic, while he never ceased to be on his guard on every side, and held himself prepared for every event, Frederic to Goltz, 30 Jan., 1777. on the seventh of January instructed his minister more definitely: Should France begin war, she may be sure that I will do everything in the world to preserve peace on the continent. Convince the ministry at Versailles of this; and add that France will not find me in her way, nor Chap. III.} 1777. have any reason to complain of my policy. Frederic to Goltz, 7 Jan., 1777. I guarantee to you reciprocity on the part of his most Christian majesty, was the answer of Maurepas. Goltz to Frederic, 30 Jan., 1777. O
Westphalia (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) (search for this): chapter 4
than Chap. III.} 1776. those of the United States, were endangered; and the political question of the day assumed the largest proportions. In the event of the death of the childless elector of Bavaria, Joseph of Austria was prepared, under the false pretext of a right of inheritance, to appropriate a large part of that electorate. To prevent so fatal a measure, the king of Prussia, in the last months of 1776, began to draw near to France, which was one of the guarantees of the peace of Westphalia. Frederic to Goltz, 14 Nov., 1776. His desire for a good understanding with that power Ibid., 9 Dec., 1776. was cordially reciprocated by Vergennes. Goltz to Frederic, 22 Dec., 1776. On the advent of the rupture between France and England, he announced that England should receive no aid from Prussia; and Vergennes on his side gave the hint that France, if it should become involved in the conflict, would confine itself to a maritime war. Goltz to Frederic, 26 Dec., 1776.
Brussels (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 4
l be his successor, neglects him, Domestic events likewise torment him; his successor feeling that, according to the course of nature, he soon must become king, begins to anticipate himself, and treats his uncle with less respect and deference than he did formerly. Harris to Daniel De la Val, Berlin, 23 Oct., 1775, in Malmesbury Papers, second ed., i. 118. and follows other counsels; his own brother hopes and prays to heaven that the king's days may not be prolonged. Joseph to Kaunitz, Brussels, 24 July, 1781, in Joseph II., Leopold II., und Kaunitz. Herausgegeben von Beer, 97. Worn by unparalleled labor and years, he strikes against obstacles on all sides in seeking to give a sure life to his kingdom; and his consummate prudence teaches him that he must still dare and suffer and go on. He must maintain Protestant and intellectual liberty, and the liberty of Germany, against Austria, which uses Chap. III.} the imperial crown only for its advantage as a foreign power, and with r
Suffolk (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
ar alike absurd and fraught with hazard. Ibid., 17 July, 1775. The treatment of the colonies, he wrote in September, appears to me to be the first step towards despotism. If in this the king should succeed, he will by and by attempt to impose his own will upon the mother country. Ibid., 11 Sept., 1775, and compare 14 Aug., 1775. In October, 1775, the British minister at Berlin reported of the Prussian king: His ill state of health threatens him with a speedy dissolution. Harris to Suffolk, 7 and 17 Oct., and 21 Nov., 1775. Harris to De la Val, at Copenhagen, 23 Oct., 1775, in Malmesbury Papers, i. 116-118. It was while face to face with death that Frederic wrote of the August proclamation of George the Third: It seems to me very hard to proclaim as rebels free subjects who only defend their privileges against the despotism of a ministry. Frederic to Maltzan, 9 Oct., 1775. While still but half Chap. III.} 1775. recovered from a long, painful, and complicated sickness, h
Chambersburg (New Jersey, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
American commissioners at Paris transmitted to Frederic a copy of the declaration of independence, and of the articles of American confederation, with the formal expression of the earnest desire of the United States to obtain his friendship, and to establish a mutually beneficial free commerce between their distant countries. The great king received from Franklin with unmingled satisfaction the manifesto of the republic and its first essay at a constitution. The victories of Washington at Trenton and Princeton had already proved to him that the colonies were become a nation. He supported the rights of neutrals in their fullest extent; and, when England began to issue letters of marque, he stigmatized privateers as pirates of the sea. Frederic to Goltz, 24 Feb., 1777. But, as to a direct commerce, he could only answer as before: I am without a navy; having no armed ships to protect trade, the direct commerce could be conducted only under the flag of the Netherlands, and England r
Lower Saxony (Lower Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 4
at Ilmenau and Jena for the English service, Wangenheim to the duke, 22 May, 1776. but consented to the delivery of vagabonds and convicts. Factum d. 12 Juni. Signed von Fritsch. When, in the last days of November, 1777, the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, as the go between of the British ministry, made unlimited offers of subsidies for some of his battalions, the patriot prince called his ministers to a conference, and, supported by the unanimous advice of those present, on the third of Decenot yield my consent to deliver troops into foreign service and pay; and it is minuted on the draft that Serenissimus himself took charge of posting the letter. My friend, the late Baron von Watzdorf, gave me copies of the letter of Count Schaumburg-Lippe to the duke, 26 Nov., 1777; the minute of the consultation of the duke with his ministers; the answer of Carl August, 3 Dec., 1777, and also of the earlier papers. The signature of Goethe, the youngest minister of Chap. III.} Weimar, is
Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) (search for this): chapter 4
upon the acquisition of Bavaria as the harbinger of success. When Joseph repaired to Paris to win France for his design through the influence of his sister, Marie Antoinette, the Prussian envoy was commanded to be watchful, but to be silent. No sooner had the emperor retired than Frederic, knowing that Maurepas had resisted the influence of the queen, renewed his efforts; and, through a confidential French agent sent to him under the pretext of attending the midsummer military reviews at Magdeburg, the two kingdoms adjusted their foreign policy, of which the central points lay in the United States and in Germany. France, if she would venture on war with England, needed security and encouragement from Frederic on the side of Germany, and his aid to stop the sale of German troops. Sandoz Rollin to Frederic, 24 July, 1777. He met the overture with joy, and near the end of July wrote with his own hand: No; certainly we have no jealousy of the aggrandizement of France: we even put
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 4
r seven years; but, with the France which protected the United States, he had a common feeling. Liberal English statesmen con the way of establishing a direct commerce between the United States and Prussia: but he consented to an exchange of commodi Germany, not less than Chap. III.} 1776. those of the United States, were endangered; and the political question of the daywith the formal expression of the earnest desire of the United States to obtain his friendship, and to establish a mutually b foreign policy, of which the central points lay in the United States and in Germany. France, if she would venture on war raging France to strike a decisive blow in favor of the United States, their cause found an efficient advocate in Marie Antoime Frederic expressed more freely his sympathy with the United States. The port of Embden could not receive their cruisers, not to be the last to recognise the independence of the United States; Schulenburg to Arthur Lee, 18 Dec., 1777. and in Ja
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