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Browsing named entities in a specific section of Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Search the whole document.

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121 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
d the two rows of tabernae- large covered halls which provided shelter from sun and rain, in which courts of law sat, and business was transacted. For the aspect of the forum at this time, see HC 12. fig. 4, and cf. Plaut. Curc. iv. I. 15. Another epoch in its history came, when, in 145 B.C., the Comitia Tributa were transferred to the forum by the tribune C. Licinius Crassus, who, for the first time, addressed the people in the forum from the rostra, and turned his back on the comitium. In 121 B.C. the restorer of the temple of Concord, Opimius, built a basilica close to it (see BASILICA OPIMIA). The next level, which is in general 11.80 to 11.90 metres above sea, has been recently assigned to Sulla Cf. Fest. 317: Statae matris simulacrum in foro colebatur: postquam id collastravit, ne lapides igne corrumperentur, qui plurimis ibi fiebant nocturno tempore, magna pars populi in suos quisque vicos rettulerunt eius deae cultum. Most editors emend 'Cotta stravit'; but cf. Jord. i. I. 525
145 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
of that date on the north-west side of the temple of Saturn, at 13.97 metres above sea-level. This is the period of the erection of permanent structures, called BASILICAE (see B. AEMILIA, PORCIA, SEMPRONIA) behind the two rows of tabernae- large covered halls which provided shelter from sun and rain, in which courts of law sat, and business was transacted. For the aspect of the forum at this time, see HC 12. fig. 4, and cf. Plaut. Curc. iv. I. 15. Another epoch in its history came, when, in 145 B.C., the Comitia Tributa were transferred to the forum by the tribune C. Licinius Crassus, who, for the first time, addressed the people in the forum from the rostra, and turned his back on the comitium. In 121 B.C. the restorer of the temple of Concord, Opimius, built a basilica close to it (see BASILICA OPIMIA). The next level, which is in general 11.80 to 11.90 metres above sea, has been recently assigned to Sulla Cf. Fest. 317: Statae matris simulacrum in foro colebatur: postquam id collast
174 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
(CR 1901, 138) ; (b) in front of the temple of Julius Caesar; (c) under the fountain of Iuturna (but this may have been the floor of a basin; cf. NS 1901, 112-113; CR 19o, 141) ; (d) behind the republican Atrium Vestae. To the next period (circa 174 B.C.) we must assign a level some half metre higher, which can be traced in the comitium, though in the forum proper there is nothing corresponding to it, except perhaps the remains of the pavement of the clivus Capitolinus of that date on the north-rna. The central area of the Sullan forum was enclosed on three sides by streets paved with polygonal blocks of selce, which took the place of the early cappellaccio slabs; and some remains of the pavement of the clivus Capitolinus above that of 174 B.C., at 14.50 metres above sea-level, belong to this period also. So also does the viaduct (which Boni calls the rostra Vetera, but cf. ROSTRA, p. 451, and CLIVUS CAPITOLINUS), the top of which is at the same level (p. 16). Of buildings assignable
499 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
ass, was always maintained in the shrine of Iuturna, the regia and the temple of Vesta, in the comitium and rostra until the time of Julius Caesar, and in the atrium Vestae (which, strictly speaking, lies, like the temple, outside the forum) until that of Nero. On the other hand, the line of direction of the temples of Saturn and of Castor (the lacus Iuturnae, at first orientated with the precinct of Vesta, was afterwards made to conform with this temple), which date from the beginning of the fifth century B.C., already began at that period to exert an influence the other way, which finally triumphed in the main. The Tabernae Veteres, and the various basilicas which succeeded them, doubtless conformed to it; and so did the Tabernae Novae, and consequently the basilica Aemilia. Julius Caesar's transference of the rostra and reconstruction of the curia dealt (with the exceptions noted above) the final blow to the old orientation (Mem. L. 5. xvii. 506, 511). The first indubitable signs
599 BC - 500 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
a child found close by had been placed on a hollowed piece of wood, with a small vase near it (NS 1906, 46-50). The archaic vases found in a travertine block enclosed in the concrete base of the EQUUS DOMITIANI (q.v.) belonged no doubt to a tomb, being exactly similar to those of the sepulcretum. Hulsen indeed rightly claims that from the point of view of early Roman history, the confirmation of the traditional ascription of the cloaca Maxima to the Tarquins, who ruled over Rome in the sixth century B.C. (at the time, that is, when the necropolis ceased to be used) is one of the most important results of the recent excavations (HC 4). The forum thus became a market-place-quo conferrent suas controversias, et quae vendere vellent quo ferrent, forum appellarunt (Varro, LL v. 145). On each side there was a row of tabernae-the older, the veteres, on the south side, facing away from the sun; while another row, the novae, was later on placed on the opposite side. Games were also held here o
699 BC - 550 BC (search for this): entry forum-romanum
tream, which served as one of the defences of the Palatine city and separated it from the Capitol and Quirinal; and the first extension of the original settlement towards the east and south, by which the 'Septimontium ' city was formed, still left it out. Outside the boundaries of this city, and on the edge of the valley there lay a burial ground, the so-called SEPULCRETUM (q.v.), the earliest tombs of which are variously dated, though the latest must go down to the end of the seventh or the middle of the sixth century B.C. Roman tradition long preserved the memory of the original state of the forum (cf. Ov. Fasti vi. 401 : hic ubi nunc fora sunt, udae tenuere paludes; omne redundatis fossa madebat aquis. Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinat aras, nunc solida est tellus; sed lacus ante fuit). The testimony of geology also shows that the centre of the valley was originally a swamp. Traces of man's presence were still found at 3.60 metres above sea-level (the lowest point reached in t
1084 AD (search for this): entry forum-romanum
ile the basilica Aemilia and the atrium Vestae became the dwellings of Byzantine or papal officials. It was the earthquake in the time of Pope Leo IV in 847 (LPD ii. 108:huius beati tempore praesulis terre motus in urbe Roma per indictionem factus est x, This indiction ended on Aug. 30. ita ut omnia elementa concussa viderentur ab omnibus） which led to the destruction not only of S. Maria Antiqua, but of the majority of the monuments of the forum; and probably the fire of Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused great damage also. Certainly about 1130 the centre of the forum was entirely impassable (cf. Liber Politicus Benedicti ap. Fabre, Liber Censuum, ii. 158); and the description given in the Mirabilia, the genesis of which dates from this period, shows a curious mixture of real knowledge, false conjecture and pure imagina- tion. The level of the forum rose gradually (cf. CURIA IULIA; HC fig. 53), and desolation increased. The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon (1367) led to an increased
1130 AD (search for this): entry forum-romanum
became the dwellings of Byzantine or papal officials. It was the earthquake in the time of Pope Leo IV in 847 (LPD ii. 108:huius beati tempore praesulis terre motus in urbe Roma per indictionem factus est x, This indiction ended on Aug. 30. ita ut omnia elementa concussa viderentur ab omnibus） which led to the destruction not only of S. Maria Antiqua, but of the majority of the monuments of the forum; and probably the fire of Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused great damage also. Certainly about 1130 the centre of the forum was entirely impassable (cf. Liber Politicus Benedicti ap. Fabre, Liber Censuum, ii. 158); and the description given in the Mirabilia, the genesis of which dates from this period, shows a curious mixture of real knowledge, false conjecture and pure imagina- tion. The level of the forum rose gradually (cf. CURIA IULIA; HC fig. 53), and desolation increased. The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon (1367) led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, though they wer
1367 AD (search for this): entry forum-romanum
of Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused great damage also. Certainly about 1130 the centre of the forum was entirely impassable (cf. Liber Politicus Benedicti ap. Fabre, Liber Censuum, ii. 158); and the description given in the Mirabilia, the genesis of which dates from this period, shows a curious mixture of real knowledge, false conjecture and pure imagina- tion. The level of the forum rose gradually (cf. CURIA IULIA; HC fig. 53), and desolation increased. The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon (1367) led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, though they were often sacrificed as building material; and during the Renaissance this latter tendency became much stronger, despite the general spread of classical culture. In fact, the very architects who measured and drew the remains of antiquity were most active in using them as quarries for their own build- ings. But we also have numerous sketches by artists, which cannot be enumerated here, but are of the highest value for our knowle
1799 AD (search for this): entry forum-romanum
ch stronger, despite the general spread of classical culture. In fact, the very architects who measured and drew the remains of antiquity were most active in using them as quarries for their own build- ings. But we also have numerous sketches by artists, which cannot be enumerated here, but are of the highest value for our knowledge. A few notable finds of inscriptions and fragments of architecture were made; but nothing was attempted in the way of scientific excavation until the end of the eighteenth century, when a part of the basilica Iulia was laid bare, but incorrectly identified. In 1803 Fea began by clearing the arch of Severus, and the work was continued by the French, the temples of Saturn and Vespasian being isolated, and the column of Phocas cleared; the temples of Castor and Concord followed. The work was continued in 1827-36, and the isolated excavations connected; but very little more was done until after 1870, when the work was taken in hand seriously (though at first w
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