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219 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
embraces the period from the foundation of the city to the year B. C. 294, when the subjugation of the Samnites may be said to have been completed. The second decade (bks. xi--xx.) is altogether lost. It embraced the period from B. C. 294 to B. C. 219, comprising an account of the extension of the Roman dominion over the whole of Southern Italy and a portion of Gallia Cisalpina; of the invasion of Pyrrhus; of the first Punic war; of the expedition against the Illyrian pirates, and of other matters which fell out between the conclusion of the peace with Carthage and the siege of Saguntum. The third decade (bks. xxi--xxx.) is entire. It embraces the period from B. C. 219 to B. C. 201, comprehending the whole of the second Punic war, and the contemporaneous struggles in Spain and Greece. The fourth decade (bks. xxxi--xl.) is entire, and also one half of the fifth (bks. xli--xlv.). These fifteen books embrace the period from B. C. 201 to B. C. 167, and develope the progress of the
18 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
en of as Augustus, a title not conferred until the year B. C. 27; but this will only prove that the passage could not have been published before that date, since, although written previously, the honorary epithet might have been inserted here and elsewhere at any time before publication. Again, we gather from the epitome that bk. lix. contained a reference to the law of Augustus, De Maritandis Ordinibus, from which it has been concluded that the book in question must have been written after B. C. 18; but this is by no means certain, since it can be proved that a legislative enactment upon this subject was proposed as early as B. C. 28. Since, however, the obsequies of Drusus were commemorated in bk. cxlii. it is evident, at the very lowest computation, that the task have been spread over seventeen years, and probably occupied a much longer time. We must not omit to notice that Niebuhr takes a very different view of this matter. He is confident that Livy did not begin his labours until
15 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
two of the Epitomes had been lost. This deficiency was not at first detected, since the numbers follow each other in regular succession from 1 up to 140; and hence the total number of books was supposed not to exceed that amount. Upon more careful examination, however, it was perceived that while the epitome of bk. cxxxv. closed with the conquest of the Salassi, which belongs to B. C. 25, the epitome of bk. cxxxvi. opened with the subjugation of the Rhaeti, by Tiberius, Nero, and Drusus, in B. C. 15, thus leaving a blank of nine years, an interval marked by the shutting of Janus, the celebration of the secular games, the acceptance of the tribunitian power by Augustus, and other occurrences which would scarcely have been passed over in silence by the abbreviator. Sigonius and Drakenborch, whose reasonings have been generallyadmitted by scholars, agree that two books were devoted to this space, and hence the epitomes which stand as cxxxvi., cxxxvii., cxxxviii., cxxxix., cxl., ought to b
December (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
es a very different view of this matter. He is confident that Livy did not begin his labours until he had attained age of fifty (B. C. 9), and that he had not fully accomplished his design at the close of his life. He builds chiefly upon a passage in 9.36, where it is said that the Ciminian wood was in these days as impenetrable "quam nuper fuere Germanici saltus," words which, it is urged, could not have been used before the forests of Germany had been opened up by the campaigns of Drusus (B. C. 12-9); and upon another in 4.20, where, after it is recorded that Augustus had repaired the shrine of Jupiter Feretrius, he is termed " templorum omnium conditorem aut restitutorem," a description which could not have been applied to him in an early part of his career. Now, without insisting that casual remarks such as these might have been introduced during a revision of the text, it must be evident that the remarks themselves are much too vague to serve as the basis of a chronological theory
17 AD (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
Li'vius the Roman historian, was born at Patavium, in the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus, B. C. 59. The greater part of his life appears to have been spent in the metropolis, but he returned to his native town before his death, which happened at the age of 76, in the fourth year of Tiberius, A. D. 17. We know that he was married, and that he had at least two children, for a certain L. Magius, a rhetorician, is named as the husband of his daughter, by Seneca (Prooem. Controv. lib. v.), and a sentence from a letter addressed to a son, whom he urges to study Demosthenes and Cicero, is quoted by Quintilian (10.1.39). His literary talents secured the patronage and friendship of Augustus (Tac. Ann. 4.34); he became a person of consideration at court, and by his advice Claudius, afterwards emperor, was induced in early life to attempt historical composition (Suet. Cl. 41), but there is no ground for the assertion that Livy acted as preceptor to the young prince. Eventually his reputation r
September (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
The great and only extant work of Livy is a History of Rome, termed by himself Annales (43.13), extending from the foundation of the city to the death of Drusus, B. C. 9, comprised in 142 books: of these thirty-five have descended to us; but of the whole, with the exception of two, we possess summaries (the Periochae), which, althot omit to notice that Niebuhr takes a very different view of this matter. He is confident that Livy did not begin his labours until he had attained age of fifty (B. C. 9), and that he had not fully accomplished his design at the close of his life. He builds chiefly upon a passage in 9.36, where it is said that the Ciminian wood waper fuere Germanici saltus," words which, it is urged, could not have been used before the forests of Germany had been opened up by the campaigns of Drusus (B. C. 12-9); and upon another in 4.20, where, after it is recorded that Augustus had repaired the shrine of Jupiter Feretrius, he is termed " templorum omnium conditorem aut re
235 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
, cxli., cxlii., respectively. It was little probable, a priori, that an undertaking so vast should have been brought to a close before any part of it was given to the world; and in point of fact we find indications here and there which throw some light upon the epochs when different sections were composed and published. Thus in book first (100.19) it is stated that the temple of Janus had been closed twice only since the reign of Numa, for the first time in the consulship of T. Manlius (B. C. 235), a few years after the termination of the first Punic war; for the second time by Augustus Caesar, after the battle of Actium, in B. C. 29, as we learn from other sources. But we are told by Dio Cassius that it was shut again by Augustus after the conquest of the Cantabrians, in B. C. 25; and hence it is evident that the first book must have been written, and must have gone forth between the years B. C. 29 and B. C. 25. An attempt has been made to render these limits still narrower, from
167 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
st the Illyrian pirates, and of other matters which fell out between the conclusion of the peace with Carthage and the siege of Saguntum. The third decade (bks. xxi--xxx.) is entire. It embraces the period from B. C. 219 to B. C. 201, comprehending the whole of the second Punic war, and the contemporaneous struggles in Spain and Greece. The fourth decade (bks. xxxi--xl.) is entire, and also one half of the fifth (bks. xli--xlv.). These fifteen books embrace the period from B. C. 201 to B. C. 167, and develope the progress of the Roman arms in Cisalpine Gaul, in Macedonia, Greece and Asia, ending with the triumph of Aemilius Paullus, in which Perseus and his three sons were exhibited as captives. Of the remaining books nothing remains except inconsiderable fragments, the most notable being a few chapters of the 91st book, concerning the fortunes of Sertorius. Development of the text The whole of the above were not brought to light at once. The earliest editions contain 29 book
32 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
which could not have been applied to him in an early part of his career. Now, without insisting that casual remarks such as these might have been introduced during a revision of the text, it must be evident that the remarks themselves are much too vague to serve as the basis of a chronological theory, except in so far as they relate to the restoration of the shrine of Jupiter Feretrius; but this we know was undertaken at the suggestion of Atticus (Cornel. Nep. Alt. 100.20), and Atticus died B. C. 32. On the other hand, the reasoning grounded on the shutting of the temple of Janus must be held, in so far as bk. i. is involved, to be absolutely impregnable; and we can scarcely imagine that the eighth book was not finished until sixteen years after the first. Assessment In attempting to form an estimate of any great historical production, our attention is naturally and necessarily directed to two points, which may be kept perfectly distinct: first, the substance, that is, the truth or
201 BC (search for this): entry livius-bio-1
he expedition against the Illyrian pirates, and of other matters which fell out between the conclusion of the peace with Carthage and the siege of Saguntum. The third decade (bks. xxi--xxx.) is entire. It embraces the period from B. C. 219 to B. C. 201, comprehending the whole of the second Punic war, and the contemporaneous struggles in Spain and Greece. The fourth decade (bks. xxxi--xl.) is entire, and also one half of the fifth (bks. xli--xlv.). These fifteen books embrace the period from B. C. 201 to B. C. 167, and develope the progress of the Roman arms in Cisalpine Gaul, in Macedonia, Greece and Asia, ending with the triumph of Aemilius Paullus, in which Perseus and his three sons were exhibited as captives. Of the remaining books nothing remains except inconsiderable fragments, the most notable being a few chapters of the 91st book, concerning the fortunes of Sertorius. Development of the text The whole of the above were not brought to light at once. The earliest edit
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