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1st (search for this): chapter 18
ix feet apart, according to the size of the sail, and two bands to the foresail and mainsail. Fore-and-aft sails have also a band extending diagonally upward from the outer leech, for balance-reefing. Each band is pierced with holes for the reef-points, by which it is tied to the yard in shortening sail. Reef-knot. （Nautical.) A knot formed by passing the ends of the two parts of one rope through the loop formed by another whose two ends are similarly passed through a loop on the first; the two parts of one rope are passed above, and of the other below the loop through which they are inserted. A longitudinal pull tightens the knot, which can only be untied by pushing the loops in opposite directions. Called also square-knot, flat-hitch. When one end of one rope is passed above and the other below the loop it forms a granny's-knot. Reef-line. （Nautical.) A line sometimes (seldom) used in reefing. It passes spirally around the yard, and through the eyelets in
May (search for this): chapter 18
w muddy banks of streams can be seen the huge forms of alligators sunning themselves and awaiting some unlucky object of prey. The towering trees are clasped in the vice-like embrace of plants of parasitic growth, and many tottering trunks attest the effect of close companionship. Along the sides of the road and upon the woody banks of the streams passed over are to be seen the thatched habitations of the mongrel specimens of humanity that live on the Isthmus. The rainy season commences in May and lasts until October, and it rains hot water, according to the statement of the residents. The wires of the Isthmus Telegraph Company run alongside the tracks. The dampness of the earth is guarded against by setting the telegraph-poles in concrete: the railroad-ties are made of lignum-vitae, laid on a stone ballast. The telegraph-poles cost $5 each, and the railroad-ties $1.50 and $2 each. The railroad and rolling-stock have probably cost $12,000,000. Stimpson's patents of 1831, 183
June 8th (search for this): chapter 18
m Outram, but comes from tram (Prov. Eng., Sw., and Ger.), a beam; and the trams were the wagons which ran thereon. Birkenshaw, in 1820, invented and patented the rolled rail. See rail, page 1857. For the history of the locomotive, see under that head, to avoid repetition. The following announcement was published in a London periodical, dated August 1, 1802:— Railway traveling, 1823. The Surrey Iron Railway is now completed over the high-road through Wandsworth town. On Wednesday, June 8, several carriages of all descriptions passed over the iron rails without meeting with the least obstacle. Among these, the Portsmouth wagon, drawn by eight horses and weighing from 8 to 10 tons, passed over the rails, and did not appear to make the slightest impression on them. Fig. 4123 illustrates the locomotive, carriage, and track proposed in 1823 for a railway between London and Edinburgh. The locomotive was to have a toothed-wheel gearing with corresponding teeth on the r
October (search for this): chapter 18
ms can be seen the huge forms of alligators sunning themselves and awaiting some unlucky object of prey. The towering trees are clasped in the vice-like embrace of plants of parasitic growth, and many tottering trunks attest the effect of close companionship. Along the sides of the road and upon the woody banks of the streams passed over are to be seen the thatched habitations of the mongrel specimens of humanity that live on the Isthmus. The rainy season commences in May and lasts until October, and it rains hot water, according to the statement of the residents. The wires of the Isthmus Telegraph Company run alongside the tracks. The dampness of the earth is guarded against by setting the telegraph-poles in concrete: the railroad-ties are made of lignum-vitae, laid on a stone ballast. The telegraph-poles cost $5 each, and the railroad-ties $1.50 and $2 each. The railroad and rolling-stock have probably cost $12,000,000. Stimpson's patents of 1831, 1835, describe the mode o
November (search for this): chapter 18
inches falling daily during five successive days. This is attributable to the abruptness of the mountains which face the Bay of Bengal, from which they are separated by 200 miles of Jheels and Sunderbunds. This fall is very local: at Silhet, not thirty miles farther south, it is under 100 inches; at Gowahatty, north of the Khasia, in Assam, it is about 80; and even on the hills twenty miles inland from Churra itself, the fall is reduced to 200. During the rainy season, from April to November, as much as 10 or 12 inches of rain falls in a day in Burmah and Siam. The enormous rainfall of Khasia would, however, seem to be equaled in Cayenne, where Admiral Roussin reports 12 feet 6 96 inches having fallen between the 1st and 24th of February, 1820. At Cumana, in Venezuela, on the same coast, the annual amount is but 8 inches. Latitude exerts a great effect on rainfall, the amount of vapor suspended in the atmosphere decreasing rapidly as we approach the poles, though, owing
1490 BC (search for this): chapter 18
shaving, and special observances are prescribed in the ceremonies in taking the vows of a Nazarite, and in relation to the cleansing of lepers. This was about 1490 B. C. Samson was an unshaven man until he fell into bad company and lost virtue, strength, and sight. The comparison (Isaiah VII. 20) of the king of Assyria to a hir. The whole series of harvesting and thrashing operations are shown in the accompanying illustration, which is from a tomb at Thebes of the probable date of 1490 B. C. The condition of the standing wheat shows that it was cut below the ear. Two men are working together, and, according to the then usual mode of representing su where two scribes keep tally, — one, of the amount brought from the winnowing-floor, and the other of the amount sent to the granary. Harvest scene (Thebes, 1490 B. C.). Harvest scene (time of Moses). Another harvest scene from the tombs is worth noticing in this connection, though the part selected is more specific in
311 BC (search for this): chapter 18
d by Justinian to complete the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, now a Mohammedan mosque. Twenty-nine great military roads centered at Rome, some of them being carried to the extreme limits of the Empire, which was divided into 11 regions, 113 provinces, traversed by 372 great roads which, according to the Itinerary of Antoninus, had a length of 52,964 Roman miles. The first of these great roads was the Appian Way, constructed by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus, 442 A. U. C. (311 B. C.), who is not to be confounded with the decemvir Appius Claudius, 449 B. C., concerned in the tragedy of Virginia, the Roman maiden. The stones were hewn and carefully fitted. It was never excelled by the Romans. Appius constructed it to Capua, 142 miles, and his successors to Brundusium (now Brindisi), another 218 miles. Strabo (d. A. D. 24) gives it the preeminence. It is still entire in many places, though more than twenty centuries have elapsed since its construction It was properly
449 BC (search for this): chapter 18
a Mohammedan mosque. Twenty-nine great military roads centered at Rome, some of them being carried to the extreme limits of the Empire, which was divided into 11 regions, 113 provinces, traversed by 372 great roads which, according to the Itinerary of Antoninus, had a length of 52,964 Roman miles. The first of these great roads was the Appian Way, constructed by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus, 442 A. U. C. (311 B. C.), who is not to be confounded with the decemvir Appius Claudius, 449 B. C., concerned in the tragedy of Virginia, the Roman maiden. The stones were hewn and carefully fitted. It was never excelled by the Romans. Appius constructed it to Capua, 142 miles, and his successors to Brundusium (now Brindisi), another 218 miles. Strabo (d. A. D. 24) gives it the preeminence. It is still entire in many places, though more than twenty centuries have elapsed since its construction It was properly called Regina Viarum. The Via Numicia led to Brundusium; the Via Flamin
480 BC (search for this): chapter 18
6. (Shipbuilding.) A spar, hooped at the end, and used for moving timbers on end by a jolting blow. 7. (Nautical.) A projecting device at the bow of a war-vessel, designed to crush in the sides of an adversary by running against her end on. It formed a very important means of offense in ancient naval warfare, the prows of galleys in former times having been, as may be seen by the examination of old coins and sculptures, generally furnished with rams. At the battle of Salamis, 480 B. C., Queen Artemisia, an Asiatic Greek herself, though allied with the Persians, effected her escape by running down a Persian ship, causing the Greeks to mistake her galley for one belonging to their own fleet. The term ram is also applied to a ship provided with such an appendage. The great ship of Ptolemy Philopator had two heads. two sterns, and seven beaks, one of which was longer than the others. With the introduction of armor-plating the use of the ram has been revived in mode
60 BC (search for this): chapter 18
ored spots upon a blue ground. Also known as the resist-style. Res′er-voir. 1. A pond for containing a supply of water for canal supply, irrigation, or the use of dwellers in cities. A reservoir erected by Nebuchadnezzar at Sippara was 140 miles in circumference. The lake of Maeris, constructed by the Pharaoh of that name to receive the superabundant waters of the Nile at the time of overflow, and afterward yield them for prolonged irrigation, was described by Diodorus Siculus (60 B. C.) as existing till his day. The circuit he gives, 3,600 furlongs, is almost incredible. The canal connecting it with the river was 80 furlongs long and 300 feet wide. Sluices commanded the water-way by opening and shutting. The reservoir on Mill River, Mass., which burst with immense damage to life and property, May 16, 1874, was an artificial lake between high hills. The confining dam at the lower end was a stone-wall five and a half feet thick at bottom, three feet at the top, and 25
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