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Buffalo, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
tremity. Breakwaters. The width of the structure is 175 feet at base and 30 feet at top, and it is composed of rough blocks of stone. A transverse section is shown at c, Fig. 882. The inner slope has an angle of 45°, the outer slope has an inclination of 3 base to 1 of hight to a depth of about 19 feet below the highest spring-tides, and from thence to the bottom of 45°. Breakwaters have also been constructed by the United States government at several lake-ports, particularly at Buffalo and Cleveland on Lake Erie, and Chicago on Lake Michigan. The covering pier or breakwater of Buffalo Harbor (d, Fig. 883) is built of stone, and cost about 8200,--000. The illustration shows a cross-section. It measures 1,452 feet in length. The top of the pier on which the roadway is formed measures eighteen feet in breadth, and is elevated about five feet above the level of the water in the harbor. On the side of the roadway which is exposed to the lake, a parapetwall, five feet in
Horseshoe Bend (Alabama, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
ot to interfere with the ordinary operation of the brakes by hand. For ordinary passenger-trains, an air-pressure is commonly required of from 30 to 60 pounds per square inch. The capability of this brake is best shown by the following report of tests made. At a test on the Kansas Pacific Railway, May 12, 1871, a train going at the rate of 45 miles an hour was stopped within a distance of 250 feet. On September 18, 1869, a test was made on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at the famous Horseshoe bend. The train of six cars, running down a grade of 96 feet to the mile, at the rate of 30 miles an hour, was brought to a stand-still in 420 feet, — seven carlengths. The steam-ejector has also been employed by Mr. Westinghouse, under a patent granted to him in 1871, for exhausting the air from the brake-cylinders in front of the pistons, and thus applying the brakes by a vacuum or atmospheric pressure. See Giffard injector. 2. (Machinery.) A friction strap or band applied on the
Murano (Italy) (search for this): chapter 2
s are made of a great variety of materials: gold, diamond, amber, pearl, coral, jet, garnet, crystal, steel, paste, wood, glass, etc., much the greater proportion, however, being of the latter material. The manufacture is extensively carried on at different places in Europe, that of each place being characterized by some peculiarity in the style or manner of manufacture. Immense numbers are made at Birmingham, certain varieties of which are sold by thousands of dozens as dolls' eyes. At Murano, near Venice, where great numbers are made, tubes of glass of various colors are drawn out to a great length and cut into very small pieces of uniform length, which are then put in a heap with a mixture of sand and wood ashes, and stirred with a spatula until the cavities become filled. The mixture is then transferred to an iron pan suspended over a moderate fire, and stirred until the cylindrical bits of glass assume a smooth rounded form. (See bead-furnace.) When removed from the fire, a
East India (search for this): chapter 2
cambric. Made of a fine quality of white flax grown in the South of France, and called rame. (Not the ramie.) b. An East India goods of similar quality. Bat-printing. （Porcelain.) One mode of porcelain printing; the other is termed press-r a flux of calcined borax, charcoal-dust, and fine powdered glass. Tin or zinc is added in the white tombac of the East Indies, — mock silver. Blanch-im′e-ter. An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of a chloride. See Chlorimeterolishing-powder, be it emery, rotten-stone, tripoli, crocus, rouge, putty-powder, etc. Bug′ga-low. （Vessel.) An East India coastingvessel with one mast and a lateen sail. The buggarah is an Arab vessel of the Persian Gulf. The bugis, a prllet-shell. An explosive bullet for smallarms. Jacobs's bullet-shells, used with the rifle of General Jacobs of the East India service, have an inclosed copper tube containing the bursting-charge, which may be fulminate or common powder, and i
Solferino (Italy) (search for this): chapter 2
everything relative to the preparation and use of balloons. The person who mounts in the balloon is furnished with paper and pencils of different colors. The marks are made according to a system agreed on beforehand, and the paper, after being marked, is attached to a small rod like an arrow, one end of which is loaded and pointed, so that it strikes in the ground and stands upright. — Annual Register, 1794. Balloons were also employed by the French in the Italian campaign of 1859, at Solferino; and subsequently, during our own civil war, a small corps of balloonists was attached to the Army of the Potomac. The celebrated French chemist, Gay Lussac, in 1804 reached the hight of 23,040 feet, and carried up with him the necessary means for making scientific observations on the character and properties of the atmosphere at that great hight. This was for many years considered the most remarkable balloon ascent ever made, both in regard to the hight attained and the observations m
Hopkinton (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
nd purple were regal, and red is yet a cardinal color. The Etruscan augurs wore jack-boots. The Lamas of Tartary wear red boots and yellow cloaks. They leave their boots in the vestibules of the temples. So do the Turks. The latter brought the practice from Central Asia. There bought a pair of boots; cost me 30 s. — Pepys, 1662. The boot and shoe making business, more particularly since the introduction of pegs, which are said to have been invented by Joseph Walker, of Hopkinton, Mass., about the year 1818, has become a very extensive and important branch of manufacture, machinery being employed in nearly all the operations connected with the business. The first application of machinery in shoemaking is due to the celebrated Brunel, who devised a series of machines, which were operated by invalid soldiers belonging to Chelsea Hospital. The shoe passed through a number of hands before being finished; the operation which each man had to perform was so simple that it i
Asia (search for this): chapter 2
A hydrometer so graduated as to determine the strength of ooze according to a given scale of proportions, water being zero. Bark Paper. Throughout Southeastern Asia and Oceanica the Broussonesia papyrifera, or paper mulberry, is a common tree, and its bark is capable, by soaking and beating, of assuming the appearance ofre-and-aft rigged, like a schooner. Bar′ra-can. （Fabric.) A thick, strong stuff, known by this and similar names in most of the languages of Europe and Western Asia. It is made in Armenia and Persia of camel's hair, like camlet, whose name also indicates that its material is derived from the same animal. The name has bee of Tartary wear red boots and yellow cloaks. They leave their boots in the vestibules of the temples. So do the Turks. The latter brought the practice from Central Asia. There bought a pair of boots; cost me 30 s. — Pepys, 1662. The boot and shoe making business, more particularly since the introduction of pegs, which<
Moscow (Russia) (search for this): chapter 2
f praise into every house in the city, and floats away beyond the river into the plains afar. Moscow is the holy city of the Greek Church. Pilgrims come hither from thousands of miles off, and on f they could go no farther, they would be content to die there, for they have heard the bells of Moscow, and on their majestic tones their souls have been taken up to heaven! This is the sentiment of000 pounds English. Its weight is consequently nearly four times greater than the great bell at Moscow, and 56 times larger than the great bell at Westminster, England. The bell suspended from a tn the world are stated to be as follows: — Weight.Diameter.Thickness. Pounds.Ft. In.Inches. Moscow (Kremlin), Cast in 155336,000 Cast in 1654288,000 Fell in 1703. Recast in 1733432,00021.23 Broken in 1737. Moscow (St. Ivan's)127,830 Burmah (Amarapoora)260,000 Pekin130,000 Novogorod62,000 Vienna (1711）40,2009.8 Olmutz40,000 Rouen40,000 Sens34,0008.6 Erfurth30,800 Westminster ( B
Samaria (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
hewing timber. The chamfer of the edge is all on one side, the flat side of the bit going against the wood. The handle has a crook, so that the knuckles are not grazed against the timber when hewing. The Israelites west of the Jordan had but small advantages of timber, and. were not skillful hewers. They imported axemen and timber. Lebanon had cedar and fir; Bashan had oak. The kings of Syria and Egypt fought for their possession for centuries. Even firewood was scarce in Judea and Samaria. The poor widows gathered a bundle of sticks then as now. Dung and hay used for heating ovens, Ezekiel IV. 12-15, Matt. VI. 30. Brushwood also,— as the crackling of thorns under a pot, etc. Broadcast Sower. （Husbandry.) A machine which spreads the seed regularly upon the surface of the ground, in contradistinction to a drill which sows the seed in rows. Number of several seeds in a bushel, and number per square foot upon an area of an acre:— Number.Square Foot. Timot<
New Jersey (New Jersey, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
structed by Nicolas in 1700. Boat-bridges, in a military point of view, are classed as ponton-bridges, the pontons or bateaux and the road-bed being transported on wagons with the army, and thrown across streams as necessity may occur. The bateaux are moored to ropes secured to trees or other safe objects on the respective sides of the river. See Ponton-bridge. Boat-car. A car adapted for transporting boats up and down inclined planes. The Morris and Essex Canal in the State of New Jersey leads from Jersey City, on the Hudson, to Easton, on the Delaware, and connects these two rivers. The breadth at the water-line is 32, and at the bottom 16 feet, and the depth is 4 feet. It is 101 miles in length, and is said to have cost $3,000,000. It is peculiar as being the only canal in America in which the boats are moved from different levels by means of inclined planes instead of locks. The whole rise and fall on the Morris Canal is 1,557 feet, of which 223 feet are overcome
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