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Norway (Norway) (search for this): chapter 21
nical surface upon which a valve rests. Vamp. The part of a boot or shoe upper in front of the ankle seams. Van. 1. A large covered wagon. 2. A shovel used in sifting ore. A peculiar rocking motion is given to the shovel, separating the ore powder into grades of varying gravity. This is called vanning. Va-na′di-um. (Equivalent, 68.6; symbol, V.) A rare, white, brittle, very infusible metal, not known in the arts. Vand-kik′kat. A form of water-telescope invented in Norway, and used for viewing submerged objects. Vane. 1. A device attached to an axis, and having a surface exposed to a moving current of fluid, so as to be actuated thereby. To indicate direction of motion, as in a weathercock or anemoscope. Or rate of motion, as in an anemometer or velocimeter. Or amount of fluid passing, as in a water-meter. Or to obtain power, as in a smoke-jack or windmill. 2. Conversely: a blade, paddle, wing, float, or spiral flange attached to an axis,
Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago) (search for this): chapter 21
, this cost, in London, from 1/2 d. to 2 1/2 d. each, for common umbrellas and parasols; one man and four boys can put together 100 frames daily. For covering each frame, women received from 1 d. upward. A tradesman in Bristol, England, has just made a monster umbrella for an African chief. It is 65 feet in circumference, the lancewood ribs being 6 feet long, and there are 140 yards of material in it. It is covered with red, blue, and white chintz, and takes two men to expand it. In Trinidad are colonies of ants, known as parasol ants, from the fact that each individual carries a leaf in his mouth, which shades his back. These luxurious insects, on being disturbed, rush into their holes and bring out a lot of very large chaps with big heads and tremendous nippers, who at once assume an attitude of self-defence, being, in fact, the bullies of the establishment, while the gentle parasol-bearer stands aside to watch the fun. This is almost as surprising as Sir John Lubbock'
Pekin (Illinois, United States) (search for this): chapter 21
e west from 8 A. M. till 2 P. M., and then to the east till 8 or 9 P. M. See magnetometer. The variation of the compass was known to the Chinese philosopher, Keon-tsoung-chi, in the twelfth century. He determined it to be from 2° to 2° 30 at Pekin. The French savans who formed part of the plundering host at Pekin a few years since, found time, after participating in the scramble for toot, to test the correctness of the former observation. They found it to be about the same. What their aPekin a few years since, found time, after participating in the scramble for toot, to test the correctness of the former observation. They found it to be about the same. What their ancestors were about in the twelfth century may be seen by reading the lives of the Capets. The same century saw 25 popes ruling in Rome. Gerhert, Alhazen, and Roger Bacon relieve that and neighboring centuries of their dreariness. The Chinese mode of suspending the needle was by a silken string, the most delicate which has yet been devised, and the one adopted at the magnetic observatories which are acting in concert in so many parts of the world. See compass. The variation of the c
Scotland (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 21
ee Fig. 2005, page 875, and description. The name of union is derived from the combined crosses of St. George and St. Andrew (the patron saints of England and Scotland respectively), which were united to form the flag of Great Britain when the two countries were united under King James I., who was previously James VI. of ScotlScotland; and a wretched business he, his son, and his two grandsons made of it. The name jack, which distinguishes the union without the fly, was from the said Jacques, who in uniting the countries became the Union Jacques, which the jolly tars made union jack. Un′ion–joint. A pipecoupling. See Union; hose-coupling; pipe-coupliithout confining the air, and to escape freely on reaching the position of discharge. Ventilating water-wheel. It appears to have been first introduced in Scotland, and to have been suggested by the violent eruption of water incident to the confining of the air in the bucket, in some cases forcing a spray to the hight of 6
Leydon (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 21
2 cubic inches of gas per second, the amount of zinc consumed in each cell being .513 grain. U′nit–jar. （Electricity.) An instrument devised by Sir W. Snow Harris for measuring definite quantities of electricity. It consists of a small Leyden jar a insulated by being mounted upon a glass rod b. Attached to the brass wire which connects the inner coating of the jar with an electrical machine is a sliding brass-ball c. The electricity repelled from the exterior coating is conveyed to the jar, which is again recharged by the machine; by counting the number of sparks and noting the distance between the balls, the number of equal but arbitrary units which have been repelled from the outer coating on to a larger surface, as a large Leyden jar or battery, may be ascertained. Unit-jar. U-ni-versal Bor′ing–ma-chine. （Wood-working.) A machine adapted to a great variety of work with tools of varying sizes, and the work presented in numerous positions. In the machine
St. George, W. Va. (West Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 21
ent the sinking of the water above it. b, a gun-metal steam union. c, a hose-union. See hose-coupling. d, a union for bib-cocks, the joint on the end for the hose-union d′, and the shank end screwed for iron pipe. Unions. e, ceiling-union. 2. (Fabric.) A fabric of flax and cotton. 3. The upper corner of a flag, against the staff, the other portion being the fly. See Fig. 2005, page 875, and description. The name of union is derived from the combined crosses of St. George and St. Andrew (the patron saints of England and Scotland respectively), which were united to form the flag of Great Britain when the two countries were united under King James I., who was previously James VI. of Scotland; and a wretched business he, his son, and his two grandsons made of it. The name jack, which distinguishes the union without the fly, was from the said Jacques, who in uniting the countries became the Union Jacques, which the jolly tars made union jack. Un′ion–joint. <
Cuba (Cuba) (search for this): chapter 21
condenser, as has been stated. By the exclusion of the air, the quality and quantity of the crystallizable sugar are increased, a smaller proportion of grape-sugar or molasses being obtained. A part of the atmospheric pressure being removed also enables the juice or sirup to be boiled at a lower temperature. The vacuum-pan was long used in the sugar-refineries of England and the United States before it was introduced into the sugar-houses of the plantations. It is now generally known in Cuba, Brazil, and Louisiana, where the business is conducted extensively and methodically. The old Jamaica train of open kettles, however, holds its own where the means of the proprietor or the extent of the plantation forbid the outlay for the vacuum-train. For plantation use, several vacuums are used in combination, as is more particularly described under sugar-machinery, it being the practice to boil the juice to a given gravity after the first defecation and filtering, and after a second t
Seville (Spain) (search for this): chapter 21
the amount of westerly declination had been then long understood. That which belongs to Columbus is not the first observation of the existence of the variation (which, for example, is noted in the map of Andrea Bianco, in 1436), but the remark which he made on the 13th of September, 1492, that 2 1/2° east of the island of Corvo the magnetic variation changes, passing from N. E. to N. W. — Humboldt. The first variation-compass was constructed before 1525, by an ingenious apothecary of Seville, Felipe Guillen. So earnest were the endeavors to learn more exactly the direction of the curves of magnetic declination, that in 1585 Juan Jayme sailed with Francisco Gali from Manila to Acapulco for the sole purpose of trying in the Pacific a declination-instrument which he had invented. The cosmographer Alonso de Santa Cruz, one of the instructors of Charles V., undertook the drawing up of the first general Variation chart, although indeed from very imperfect observations, as earl
Nantes (France) (search for this): chapter 21
ndon and Blackwall Railway is built in the same manner upon a continuous series of brick arches. Its length is 3 miles 38 chains, and its cost £ 1,083,951. Remarkable viaducts are shown in the railway-bridges (so to call them) over the Susquehanna and many Southern rivers; the Ohio, at Louisville. In England: over the Avon, on the line of the London and Northwestern Railway: the Victoria Bridge, over the valley of the Wear: the Crumlin Viaduct, in Wales. In France: over the Monie, near Nantes. In Holland: over rivers and dieps. In India: over the Ganges. See bridge; trestle; truss; wooden bridge; etc. Vi′al. A small, long bottle. Vi-a-tom′e-ter. A way-measurer, as its name indicates. See odometer; pedometer. Vi′brat-ing-pis′ton steam-en′gine. One in which the power is communicated to the crank through pistons which are vibrating in their motion, and which move through an arc of a circle. Vibrating-piston engine. Fig. 6976 shows one in which the
Genoa (Italy) (search for this): chapter 21
loops which project from the backing, and are thus left by withdrawing the wire for an uncut or pile velvet; but are cut by a knife to make a cut velvet. Mentioned in Joinville and in the will of Richard II. Called, anciently, vellet. There bought velvett for a coat and camelott for a cloak for myself. — Pepys's Diary, 1666. Vel-vet-een′. （Fabric.) A cut-piled fabric of cotton. It differs from velvet only in respect of the material. When it has a twilled back it is called Genoa. Vel′vet-loom. A pile-fabric loom. Vel′vet-pa′per. Wall-paper printed with glue and dusted with shearings of cloth or flock. It was invented by Lanyer, who obtained an English patent in 1634. He employed shearings of wool, silk, and other materials upon backings of paper, cloth, silk, cotton, and leather. See wall-paper. Vel′vet-pile Car′pet. A carpet made in the same manner as Brussels carpet, except that the wire, over which the loops of the worsted yarn ar
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