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Jamaica (Jamaica) (search for this): chapter 3
phical miles, £ 15,000 if to forty miles, £ 20,000 if to thirty miles, to be determined by a voyage from England to some port in America. John Harrison, born in 1693 at Faulby, near Pontefract, in England, undertook the task, and succeeded after repeated attempts, covering the period 1728 – 1761. His first timepiece was made in 1735; the second in 1739; the third in 1749; the fourth in 1755, the year of the great earthquake at Lisbon. In 1758 his instrument was sent in a king's ship to Jamaica, which it reached 5″ slow. On the return to Portsmouth, after a five months absence, it was 1′ 5″ wrong, showing an error of eighteen miles and within the limits of the act. He received the reward of forty years diligence in instalments. He died in 1776. Chronometer. Arnold made many improvements, and received government rewards amounting to £ 3,000. Mr. Denison states that Earnshaw brought the chronometer to its present perfection. The principles of the compensation balan
Libya (Libya) (search for this): chapter 3
1. Rods with eyes and connecting-links were used by Telford on the Menai Suspension Bridge, 1829; steel wires laid up (not twisted) into cables are now used. See suspension-bridge; Frontispiece. Chain-bond. The tying together of parts of a stone-wall by a chain or iron bar built in. Chain-cable. （Nautical.) A chain adapted to use as a cable in holding a ship to its moorings or anchor. The ancient Greeks used rushes; the Carthaginians the spartium or broom of Spain and Libya (Africa); the Egyptians, papyrus. The ancient maritime people, the Veneti, used iron chain-cable for their ships in the time of Julius Caesar. In the tenth century the nations of the Baltic used ropes of twisted rawhide thongs. The latter were used in Britain till the third century, and are yet used in Western Scotland for boats and draft. Chain-cables were used by the Britons. (CAeSAR.) They were common long ago in small sizes, but were only lately made for heavy craft. They have sh
Nimes (France) (search for this): chapter 3
a shop receives the latter handsome amount, from which he boards himself. Eighty thousand shawls are supposed to be about the annual produce of the kingdom. Cashmere shawls made from the imported wool of the goat are made in Paris, Lyons, and Nismes. The Jacquard loom is used, drawing the colored threads to the surface as required. The colored threads floating at the back of the shawl in the intervals of their appearance on the face are subsequently cut off, and the cut ends reveal the imiortion of the length of the weft, according to the limits of its figure in the general design. The Hindoo shawl, so called, is made in France, of a silk chain, and cashmere-down filling. In other varieties, the weft is silk and down; and at Nismes, spun silk, Thibet down, and cotton are all worked up together. b. A woolen and cotton figured dress-goods, named in imitation of the cashmere fabric. Cash-me-rette′. （Fabric.) A lady's dress-goods, made with a soft and glossy surface
Xativa (Spain) (search for this): chapter 3
ted for cotton paper to the Arabians, and it is surmised that they learned it of nations still east of them. The use of cotton for this purpose was probably derived from far Cathay (China), whence we received gunpowder, porcelain, the mariner's compass, and the art of glazing earthenware. The first use of cotton paper in Europe was among the Saracens in Spain, and cannot be traced back beyond the tenth century. In Europe, it preceded the use of flax fiber for that purpose. The paper of Xativa, a city of Valencia, was famous in the twelfth century. See paper. Cotton-pick′er. 1. A machine for scutching cotton to tear apart the matted masses and clean it. See cotton-cleaner. 2. A machine for picking cotton from the bolls of the plant. One form consists of a traveling toothed belt, which catches the cotton fiber and drags it into a receptacle. This form is shown in Fig. 1488, which has a toothed wheel working into the links of an endless chain having reflex spines, which
Lurgan (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
l which constantly seeks the lowest position, and thus indicates the hour by proximity to the figures on the spiral. Rev. John Wesley in his journal gives the following account of a talking clock: — On Monday, April 27, 1762, being at Lurgan, in Ireland, I embraced the opportunity which I had desired, of talking to Mr. Miller, the contriver of that statue which was in Lurgan when I was there before. It was the figure of an old man standing in a case, with a curtain drawn before him, over Lurgan when I was there before. It was the figure of an old man standing in a case, with a curtain drawn before him, over against a clock, which stood on the opposite side of the room. Every time the clock struck he opened the door with one hand, drew back the curtain with the other, turned his head as if looking round on the company, and then said, with a clear, loud, articulate voice, past one, or two, or three, and so on. But so many came to see this (the like of which all allowed was not to be seen in Europe), that Mr. Miller was in danger of being ruined, not having time to attend to his own business. So as
Devonshire (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
inlaid with copper, was found by Layard at Nimroud. Sheet-copper was made in ancient Egypt, Hesiod speaks of the third generation of men who had arms of copper, houses of copper, who plowed with copper, and the black iron did not exist. In the Homeric poems, knives, spear-points, and armor were still made of copper. The process of reducing copper ore depends upon its character. Swansea, in South Wales, has the principal part of the work, ores being brought there from Cornwall, Devonshire, Spain, South America, Australia, Africa, and the United States, and there they are smelted and refined. See copper-furnace. The Mansfield (Prussian Saxony) process consists in roasting the calcareous ore to expel the sulphur and oxidize the metal; the ore is then smelted in a cupola, the slag and molten metal being drawn at two tap-holes into separate cisterns. The matte, combined sulphurets of iron and copper, is repeatedly roasted, and the resulting sulphate of copper removed by l
Bristol (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
nd dice may be consulted in Harper's Magazine, Vol. XXVI., pp. 163-176. Card′board. Cardboard is produced by pasting a number of sheets of paper together. Bristol board is all white paper, and is made of two or more sheets according to the thickness required. Other qualities are made by inclosing common thick paper between eventual success is connected with a pleasing episode in the history of mechanical industry, which is substantially as follows:— About 1709, Abraham Darby, of Bristol, had a Welsh boy in his service named John Thomas. The master had been endeavoring to cast iron with but indifferent success, and the boy stated that he saw throcross the Itchen River, Hampshire, England. The chain pier of Brighton was erected in 1822. The chains of Hungerford Bridge, London, were moved to Clifton, near Bristol, and now span the Avon. The span is 720 feet; hight above water, 260 feet. See ferry-bridge. 2. An early (for Europe) form of the suspensionbridge in which c
Lockport, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
t in depth. Its dimensions proved too small for the extensive trade which it had to support, and the depth of water was increased to 7 feet, and the extreme breadth of the canal to 60 feet. There are 84 locks on the main line. These locks, originally 90 feet in length and 15 in breadth, and with an average lift of 8 feet 2 inches, have since been much enlarged. The total rise and fall is 692 feet. The towpath is elevated 4 feet above the level of the water, and is 10 feet in breadth. At Lockport the canal descends 60 feet by means of 5 locks excavated in solid rock, and afterwards proceeds on a uniform level for a distance of 63 miles to Genesee River, over which it is carried on an aqueduct having 9 arches of 50 feet span each. Eight and a half miles from this point it passes over the Cayuga marsh, on an embankment 2 miles in length, and in some places 70 feet in hight. At Syracuse, the long level commences, which extends for a distance of 69 1/2 miles to Frankfort, without an
Dutch (West Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
in which the parts on the sides of the opening overlap each other. Clin′i-cal Ther-mome-ter. （Surgical.) A thermometer with a long bulb on a bent arm. The straight portion only is attached to the index-plate, which has a range from 80° to 120°. In use, the bulb is inserted in the axilla, or the mouth. The instrument is self-registering, and is graduated to fifths of degrees. Clink′er. 1. A brick whose surface is vitrified by the extreme heat of the fire. 2. A description of Dutch brick. 3. A scale of oxide of iron formed in forging. 4. A mass of incombustible vitrified scoriae or slag, clogging a furnace. Clinker-bar. A bar fixed across the top of the ash-pit to support the slice used for clearing the interstices of the bars. Clinker-built. See clincher-work. Clinometer and level. Cli-nom′e-ter. 1. An instrument used in determining the slope of cuttings and embankments. It has a quadrant graduated to degrees and fixed at the end of a l
Australia (Australia) (search for this): chapter 3
ior carriages, and beech for inferior; elm is used for strong planking and hubs; oak for spokes; mahogany or cedar for panels; pine and fir for floor and roofing; fustic, lancewood, birch, sycamore, chestnut, and plane-wood are also used. In Australia the naves are made of blue gum, the spokes of the iron-bark tree. 2. (Carpentry.) The timber frame supporting the steps of a wooden stair. A rough-string; a carriage-piece. 3. The pendants from which a sword is suspended from the belt.ints, and armor were still made of copper. The process of reducing copper ore depends upon its character. Swansea, in South Wales, has the principal part of the work, ores being brought there from Cornwall, Devonshire, Spain, South America, Australia, Africa, and the United States, and there they are smelted and refined. See copper-furnace. The Mansfield (Prussian Saxony) process consists in roasting the calcareous ore to expel the sulphur and oxidize the metal; the ore is then smelted
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