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Jena (Thuringia, Germany) (search for this): chapter 4
hamber, whence it is carried to a condenser, and thence, through a tube, to the bell. Div′ing — dress. A waterproof clothing and helmet for those who make submarine explorations. See armor, submarine. Di-vis′ion-plate. The disk or wheel in the gearcutting lathe, which is pierced with various circular systems of holes; each circle represents the divisions of a circumference into a given number of parts. Dobe-rein′er's lamp. An instrument invented by Professor Dobereiner, in Jena, in 1824, for obtaining light by the projection of a jet of hydrogen upon a piece of spougy platinum. See hydrogen lamp. Dock. 1. (Hydraulic Engineering.) An artificial excavation or structure for containing a vessel for repairs, loading, or unloading. Docks are of various kinds. See Wet-dock.Floating-dock. Dry-dock.Hydraulic-dock. Graving-dock.Slip-dock. Screw-dock.Shipbuilding-dock. Sectional-dock. The docks (navalia) of Rome were used for building, laying up, and
Venice (Italy) (search for this): chapter 4
arious shades and gradations, as in the Oriental damask. The orbicular veins or any other pattern is produced by peculiar turns and manipulations, and depends upon the skill of the workman. Dam′ask-car′pet. Also known as British, a damask Venetian. A variety of carpet resembling the Kidderminster in the mode of weaving, but exposing the warp instead of the weft. Dam′ask-een. The name is derived from Damascus, where the art is held to have originated. It means to ornament one metd gravel from the bed of a stream or other water, to deepen the channel or to obtain the material for ballast or for filling low grounds. The dredging-machine with a box shovel on the end of an oscillating arm is supposed to have originated in Venice. It had a beam 50 feet in length, moving on a pivot-post erected in a barge whose length was 50 feet and breadth 22. The beam was hooped with iron, and worked by a perpendicular screw of beech 30 feet long and 15 inches in diameter, traversing <
Glasgow (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
and a seat for the diver. Kessler in 1617, Witsen in 1671, and Borelli in 1679, gave attention to the subject and contributed to the efficiency of the apparatus. A diving-bell company was formed in England in 1688, and the operators made some sucessful descents on the coast of Hispaniola. In 1664, cannon were recovered from wrecks of the Spanish Armada by the Laird of Melgim, near the Isle of Man, but not sufficient to pay. Previous unsuccessful attempts had been made by Colquhoun, of Glasgow, who depended for air upon a leathern tube reaching above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, in 1715, improved the diving-bell by a contrivance for supplying it with fresh air by means of barrels lowered from the vessel, from which the bell was suspended, the foul air escaping by a cock. This also allowed the bell to be completely filled with air, rendering the whole of its interior space available. Halley also invented a waterproof cap to which pipes leading to the bell were attached
Herculaneum (Italy) (search for this): chapter 4
ne, stone, metal, ivory, or glass. The number of pieces used was similar to the number of the lines on the Greek abacus, or the digits of the hand. (See abacus.) The game of astragaii is represented in ancient sculpture and in a painting in Herculaneum. Pliny mentions a group in bronze by Polycletus of two naked boys at play, then in the Atrium of Titus. The same subject in stone is in the British Museum. In the game of duodecim scripta the moves were determined by dice; the game of tali and tesscra was played with dice. Dice similar to ours were found at Herculaneum, and the convulsion which overwhelmed Pompeii surprised a hazard-party at their amusement; 1800 years afterward the dice were found in their bony hands, and the game yet unsettled. At an entertainment given in 1357 by the Lord Mayor of London, the Kings of France and Scotland being prisoners and the King of Cyprus on a visit (temp. Edward III.), the host challenged all to dice and hazard.—stow. The dice-b
Oriental (Senegal) (search for this): chapter 4
beaten in the modern manner. The derbekkch of modern Syria is similar to the Egyptian darabooka, as their names indicate. Much ornament is lavished upon the cases of the Syrian instruments, as may be seen in Thomson's The land and the book. Oriental nations have very imperfect ideas of melody and harmony, but are very industrious players on the drum, castanets, and tambourine, accompanied by the twanging of guitars and the clapping of hands. The invention of the drum is ascribed to Bacchpassage of the balls and for the curved jet-pipes, which are pivoted to the stand-pipe. Drying-house. Drum-saw. A cylindrical saw for sawing curved stuff, staves especially. A cylinder-saw; barrel-saw. Drum-wheel. A very ancient Oriental form of water-raising wheel which was originally drumshaped, but afterwards had scoop-shaped buckets which dipped up water and conducted it towards the axis, at or near which it was discharged. See tympanum. Drunk′en-cut′ter. An elliptic
Urba (Switzerland) (search for this): chapter 4
s. The lake of Joux is supplied from the river Orbe in the Jura and the lake of Rousses, and has no visible outlet. It, however, maintains about an even level, and has evidently, as observed by Saussure, subterranean issues by which the waters are engulfed and disappear. The inhabitants of this valley keep up their absorbing-wells with care, and open new ones 15 to 20 feet in depth whenever the surface water appears to be too slowly carried off. The waters reappear in a large spring called Orbe, two miles below the southern extremity of the lake, issuing at a point 680 feet below the level of the surface of the lake. A potato-starch manufactory at Villetaneuse, three miles from St. Denis, France, is rid of 16,000 gallons of fetid waste water per day, with what effect upon neighboring or distant wells or springs does not appear. The town of Alexandria, Virginia, is situated upon an impervious clay of from 10 to 15 feet thickness, and a common mode of house and closet drainage is
Marseilles (France) (search for this): chapter 4
passage of air through the duct. See stench-trap. Drain—well. A pit sunk through an impervious stratum of earth to reach a pervious stratum and form a means of drainage for surface water, or a means of discharge of such liquid waste from manufactories as would foul the running water of streams. Such wells are properly termed absorbing-wells (which see), and by Arago are called negative artesian-wells, — a term more curious than profound. In former times the plain of Paluns, near Marseilles, was a morass, but was drained by means of absorbing-wells dug by King Rene; the waters thus carried off are said to have formed the fountains of Mion, near Cassis. The lake of Joux is supplied from the river Orbe in the Jura and the lake of Rousses, and has no visible outlet. It, however, maintains about an even level, and has evidently, as observed by Saussure, subterranean issues by which the waters are engulfed and disappear. The inhabitants of this valley keep up their absorbing-we
Belfast (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
me to the action of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, or the lime may be placed in the flame of a spirit-lamp fed by a jet of pure oxygen gas. Drummond's apparatus was so constructed that the lamp fed itself automatically with spirit and with oxygen, supplying itself with balls of lime as they were gradually consumed, and was provided with a parabolic silvered copper mirror. With this apparatus the light produced by a ball of lime not larger than a boy's marble, at Londonderry, was visible at Belfast, a distance of nearly seventy miles, in a direct line. Subsequently, Colonel Colby made a lime-light signal visible from Antrim, in Ireland, to Ben Lomnd, in Scotland, a distance of ninetyfive miles in a straight line. It is stated that, intensified by a parabolic reflector, it has been observed at a distance of 112 miles. It is understood that the first application in practice was when it was required to see Leith Hill, in Surry, from Berkhampstead Tower, in Hertfordshire. The pr
South Boston (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
ed by clutch-connection with the spur-gearing when necessary. The illustrations show a longitudinal vertical section a; a transverse section b, on a larger scale, affording a view of the gearing; a plan of the link c, and an elevation of the bucket d. Each alternate link carries a bucket, which is of sheet-iron riveted to a link. The bucket and link are shown on a still more enlarged scale. The best working-angle for the frame is 45°. The dredging-machine used in excavating the South Boston flats has a scow 80 feet long, 40 wide, and a dredge-shovel and chain of elevating-buckets on each side. They are advanced by chains running to anchored scows, the shovel beneath each elevator raising the mud and silt, and the buckets elevating the scooped — up mass, which is deposited in a scow attached to the dredger. Dredging-machines, Suez canal. Duncan's dredger, used on the Clyde in Scotland, has an iron hull 161 feet long, 29 feet beam, 10 feet 9 inches depth; has water-tig
Dew Point (Alaska, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
fall. Dev′il. 1. A machine for opening out the tussocks of cotton, and cleaning therefrom the dirt and offal. It has various other names, such as willower, willy, beating-machine, etc. See cotton-cleaning machine. 2. A rag-engine or spiked mill for tearing woolen rags into shoddy, or linen and cotton rags to make paper pulp. 3. A machine for making wood screws. Dev′il-car′riage. A carriage used for moving heavy ordnance. A sling-cart. Dev′il's claw. A grapnel. Dew-point. The point of temperature at which the moisture of the air commences to condense. See hygrometer. Dew-ret′ting. The process of softening and removing the mucilage from the fibrous and cellular portions of the stalks of flax and hemp, by exposure to dew, showers, sun, and air upon a sward. See Retting. Dex′trine. A gummy material made from starch and largely used in the manufacture of calico. Its name is derived from its right-handed rotation of a ray of plane polar
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