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Tripoli (Libya) (search for this): chapter 7
g-polisher. Holystone.Steel. Hone.Stone-grinding machine. Lap.Stone-polishing machine. Lapidary's mill.Straggling. Lead-mill.Strickle. Lens. Grinding, etc.Tanite. Liner.Tape-carrier. Lustering.Tool-holder for grinding. Marble-polishing.Tripoli. Martin.Tumbler. Mill (varieties, see mill).Varnish. Whetstone.Whiting. Whetter.Wood-polishing machine. Grind′ing and Pol′ish-ing ma-te′ri-als. Abrasive substances used in the solid form: — Grindstone.Charcoal. Hone.Emery-cake.erials stated in about the order of their hardness: — Diamond.Turkey-stone dust. Sapphire.Rottenstone. Ruby.Slate. Corundum.Pumice. Emery.Chalk. Sand.Oxide of iron, colcothar. Flint.Crocus or rouge. Glass.Oxide of tin or putty-powder. Tripoli. The abrasive powders are applied by thin circular disks, which cause them to act as saws. On the periphery of wheels which act as grindstones, glazers, or buffs, according to the quality of the material and the terms of the trades.
Norfolk (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
rst invention was a kind of plow, with drill attached, for sowing wheat and turnips in three rows at a time; it consisted of two seed-boxes with a colter attached to each, and following each other; behind them followed a harrow to cover in the seed. His object in having two separate deposits of seed, and at different depths, was that they might not sprout at the same time, and so perhaps escape the ravages of the fly; he also invented a turnip-drill. About 1790, Baldwin and Wells of Norfolk, England, contrived several ingenious improvements to the machine, the first of which was in making a sliding axletree, by which the carriage-wheel could be extended when necessary to the width of the stitches (lands), and so enable another box with cups and more colters to be used. A drill containing fourteen colters could be thus enlarged to contain eighteen, or even twenty. They also constructed self-regulating levers, to which the colters were attached; by hanging each colter on a separa
Kanawha (West Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
he jaw. Garth. A fish-weir. Gas. Exudations of gas from the earth have been noticed in ancient and modern times, and in many countries. In China, these exudations, either natural or resulting from deep boring, have been utilized from time immemorial for lighting towns in the neighborhood of these jets. In boring for salt water, imprisoned reservoirs of carbureted hydrogen have been reached, and the gas thus obtained has been utilized in China, and in the valley of the Kanawha, West Virginia, in evaporating the brine. Gas flowing naturally is or has been used in the neigh borhood of Fredonia, New York; Portland, on Lake Erie; Wigan, Great Britain (in 1667); and in many other places. The uses made of it by the Magi, or fire-worshippers of Persia, have not been properly examined or determined; but the holy fires of Baku, on the shore of the Caspian, have attained some celebrity, and are maintained by a natural stream of carbureted hydrogen. Paracelsus remarked th
Venice (Italy) (search for this): chapter 7
Syria the art was brought by the Crusaders to Europe (1177), and established in Venice, which long had a monopoly therein and attained great excellence. See p. 976. country, 1557. In Savoy, the same year. Plate-glass was made at Lambeth by Venetian artists, 1673. The British Plate-Glass Company was established 1773. An blowing long reigned supreme at Murano, one of the islands of the maritime city Venice. After some preliminary matters, an observer states:— Glass-blowing At tntonio Seguso or Antonio and Giovanni Barovier, of Murano, any specimen of old Venetian glass, and they will copy it with all its perfections, and, if you choose, its year 1562 festoons and other ornaments cut with a diamond were very common on Venetian glasses, which at that period were accounted the best. What is known commerlaneum and Pompeii. The art is supposed to have been brought from Byzantium to Venice and Marseilles, and was practiced by the Saracens throughout the cities of the
Beni (Bauchi, Nigeria) (search for this): chapter 7
at is, are present in the sand which is most readily accessible, or are used to correct such faulty admixture. The following analyses are approximate:— Plate.Broad.Crown.Flint.Bottle.Tube.Optical. Silica78696352597343 Potash2221421212 Soda1316103 Lime513122011 Alumina231211 Oxide of lead3244 Oxide of iron217 100100100100100100100 Glass was known in Egypt in the reign of Osirtasen, 740 B. C. He may have reigned about thirty-four years when Joseph came to Egypt. In the tombs of Beni-Hassan of this date, the glass-blowers are shown at work (a), each with a bulb of glass on the end of his blow-pipe, into which he is blowing, while he keeps his glass hot by exposure to the fire. The same operation is depicted in other Egyptian tombs of various epochs. The glass at the end of the blowpipe is colored green in the original painting. Another representation (b) of the same process is shown in a tomb at Thebes, where one workman labors at the bulb of glass in the earlier sta
Department de Ville de Paris (France) (search for this): chapter 7
form fluids. Gas was distilled from wood in Paris in 1802; from oil by Dr. Henry, in 1805; from s a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted his house and garden, and proposed to light the city of Paris. The English periodicals of 1803 and thereabout refer to the propositiopreviously. The Laming process, now used in Paris, and generally over the continent of Europe, wcticed by his son and afterward by M. Pfeil of Paris, who exhibited at the Exposition of 1867 a dis communicated to the Society of Encouragement, Paris, his process for varnishing pottery, and appli of rats caught in the catacombs and sewers of Paris, but this assertion does not appear to be warrs discovered by the Germans came to be used in Paris, Reumer found that an ounce of gold, in the mode of decapitation. Dr. Antoine Louis, of Paris, had the credit of its invention for a while, uction, is within our scope. An observer in Paris thus records the appearance of the machine and[1 more...]
Amsterdam (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
f a cut gem are as follows:— Front; the face or exposed portion. Back; the rear portion. Table; the central plane in the face. Girdle; the extreme margin of a stone by which it is retained in the setting. Top; the beveled portion between the table and the girdle. Facet; a small face. Cullet; a small central plane on the back. See brilliant. Gem-cutting was not so well understood among the ancients as it is now, neither are the Oriental cutters equal to those of Amsterdam. The Koh-inoor was recut after coming into the possession of the British queen. (See diamond.) We read, however, of gem-cutting in Pliny and elsewhere. People bore into these red hyancinths (rubies) by means of the diamond. — al Khazini, 12th century. The principal modes of cutting may be classed under three heads:— The trap, brilliant, and rose cut. The trap (a b) cut consists of parallel planes nearly rectangularly arranged around the contour of the stone. c d represents<
Cumberland (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
bles since the tenth century, but was not generally adopted till the foliated variety was utilized, in 1827, by an American, — the late Mr. Joseph Dixon of Jersey City. It was early adopted for crayons, and was found in use by the Aztecs when Cortez landed in Mexico. It is indispensable in the graphic arts, in the form of what are commonly called leadpencils, the finest of which were formerly made in England from the granulated, pure graphite, taken from the celebrated Borrowdale Mine in Cumberland; but after that mine became exhausted the world was supplied with pencils made from the impure graphite found in Bavaria and Bohemia, purified for the purpose. Bavaria is well represented by the Messrs. Faber, whose pencils of all qualities are so well known. But recently the fine graphite found at Ticonderoga, in the State of New York, has been utilized for this purpose by the Dixon Crucible Company of Jersey City, and a fine quality of pencils produced, —the company having been awarde
Llandaff (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
p Watson, Murdoch, Winsor, Clegg; a clergyman, a bishop, an engineer, an enthusiast, a mechanic. In 1726, Dr. Hales, in his work on Vegetable Statics, states that 158 grains of coal yield 180 cubic inches of gas. In 1750, Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, distilled coal, passed the gas through water, and conveyed it in pipes from one place to another. In 1786, Lord Dundonald erected ovens or retorts in which he distilled coal and tar, and burned the issuing gas. He seems to have considered itng every particle of the gas into contact with water, for which the ammonia has a great affinity. The effectiveness of a particular machine is in proportion to the intimateness of the contact of the gas and water therein. Dr. Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, announced the fact in 1750, that the inflammability of gas was not affected by contact with water. The washer is the third in the series of gas-making apparatus. (See gas-making.) Mr. Croll, an English gas-engineer, is credited with the inven
Bavaria (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 7
from the celebrated Borrowdale Mine in Cumberland; but after that mine became exhausted the world was supplied with pencils made from the impure graphite found in Bavaria and Bohemia, purified for the purpose. Bavaria is well represented by the Messrs. Faber, whose pencils of all qualities are so well known. But recently the finBavaria is well represented by the Messrs. Faber, whose pencils of all qualities are so well known. But recently the fine graphite found at Ticonderoga, in the State of New York, has been utilized for this purpose by the Dixon Crucible Company of Jersey City, and a fine quality of pencils produced, —the company having been awarded the Medal of Progress for them by the Vienna Universal Exposition, 1873. Graphite is polymorphous, has a bright metalcimen brought to us from Japan is of the same character; but the granulated graphite best and longest known to commerce is found in vast quantities in Bohemia and Bavaria. It is divided in water and floated, to separate it into grades, not being pure enough as it comes from the mines. It is cheap in price, but poor in quality for
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