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February 23rd (search for this): chapter 9
proprietors; but the general plan is usually the same, being a series of eight or ten ovens and upper rooms, on either side of a passage about 100 feet by 15, and 12 in hight. The thermometer in any part is not less than 24° Reaumer (86° Fah.); but the average heat in the ovens does not reach the temperature of fowls, which is 32° Reaumer. Excessive heat or cold are equally prejudicial to this process, and the only season of the year at which they succeed is from the 15th of Imsheer (23d of February) to the 15th of Baramoodeh (24th of April), beyond which time they cannot reckon upon a sufficient percentage to make it a paying business. The illustration A (Fig. 2666) shows the modern Egyptian oven for hatching eggs. a is the entrance room, and b the passage between the rows of ovens on each side. The chamber c for the eggs is below the one d in which the fires are made in troughs alongside the walls, the heated air passing to the chamber below by a hole in the floor dividing
April 24th (search for this): chapter 9
ly the same, being a series of eight or ten ovens and upper rooms, on either side of a passage about 100 feet by 15, and 12 in hight. The thermometer in any part is not less than 24° Reaumer (86° Fah.); but the average heat in the ovens does not reach the temperature of fowls, which is 32° Reaumer. Excessive heat or cold are equally prejudicial to this process, and the only season of the year at which they succeed is from the 15th of Imsheer (23d of February) to the 15th of Baramoodeh (24th of April), beyond which time they cannot reckon upon a sufficient percentage to make it a paying business. The illustration A (Fig. 2666) shows the modern Egyptian oven for hatching eggs. a is the entrance room, and b the passage between the rows of ovens on each side. The chamber c for the eggs is below the one d in which the fires are made in troughs alongside the walls, the heated air passing to the chamber below by a hole in the floor dividing the two apartments. The illustration give
1040 BC (search for this): chapter 9
yles, after the burning of the forest by lightning, at a period answering to our 1432 B. C. The Greeks claim the first discovery of it, of course. How many centuries it had been used in China, India, and Egypt can hardly be determined. Moses, who died 20 years before the era assigned, credits one with the inventio who had been dead 2,000 years when he, the great lawgiver, wrote. Chariots, axes, bedsteads, harrows, weapons of iron, are mentioned in Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the latter calls bright iron, probably steel. The same distinction is made by Hesiod (850 B. C.). Some doubts have been expressed as to the render- ing of the Hebrew passage which speaks of Tubal Cain as an artificer in iron, and the passage which speaks of the iron bedstead of Og, King of Bashan, about 1450 B. C. The Arundelian marbles place the use of iron in 1370 B. C., and other authorities go back to 1537
1184 BC (search for this): chapter 9
es of the bridge across the Euphrates, built by Nitocris, were cramped by bands of iron set in lead. Thucydides says the blocks of the walls of the Pireus were fastened in the same way. Theseus, who ascended the throne of Athens 1235 B. C., was buried with a bronze sword and spear. Some have dated the use of iron in Greece at 1406 B. C., but Hesiod makes it later. Homer generally speaks of bronze arins, but mentions iron. We learn from the Iliad that at the time of the siege of Troy (1184 B. C.) iron was used in making axes, shipwrights' tools, axles for chariots, plowpoints, sheep-hooks, and some other agricultural implements. As the smith plunges the loud-hissing axe into cold water to temper it, for hence is the strength of iron, etc., shows clearly that the writer or compiler of the Odyssey, whom we are content to call Homer, lived in a time when iron and steel were forged and tempered. About 500 B. C., and thereafter, steel was imported into Greece from the Chalybes, a pe
1235 BC (search for this): chapter 9
el Vyce found an iron blade imbedded in the great pyramid. Layard found a steel cross-cut saw, and other articles of iron, at Nimroud; the saw is now in the British Museum. The butchers of Thebes and Memphis had steels slung from their belts. At Babylon the stones of the bridge across the Euphrates, built by Nitocris, were cramped by bands of iron set in lead. Thucydides says the blocks of the walls of the Pireus were fastened in the same way. Theseus, who ascended the throne of Athens 1235 B. C., was buried with a bronze sword and spear. Some have dated the use of iron in Greece at 1406 B. C., but Hesiod makes it later. Homer generally speaks of bronze arins, but mentions iron. We learn from the Iliad that at the time of the siege of Troy (1184 B. C.) iron was used in making axes, shipwrights' tools, axles for chariots, plowpoints, sheep-hooks, and some other agricultural implements. As the smith plunges the loud-hissing axe into cold water to temper it, for hence is the stre
1370 BC (search for this): chapter 9
Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the latter calls bright iron, probably steel. The same distinction is made by Hesiod (850 B. C.). Some doubts have been expressed as to the render- ing of the Hebrew passage which speaks of Tubal Cain as an artificer in iron, and the passage which speaks of the iron bedstead of Og, King of Bashan, about 1450 B. C. The Arundelian marbles place the use of iron in 1370 B. C., and other authorities go back to 1537 B. C. These corroborate the iron bedstead of Og. Extremes meet, and we have lately revived the use of the material first recorded as used for that purpose. Moses mentions an iron furnace 1490 B. C., and Job speaks of iron as taken out of the earth. Gold, silver, and copper, and alloys of the last, were, no doubt, used before iron, and it would be reasonable to expect that such would be the case, as they are so readily obtained by simple metallurgi
1406 BC (search for this): chapter 9
other articles of iron, at Nimroud; the saw is now in the British Museum. The butchers of Thebes and Memphis had steels slung from their belts. At Babylon the stones of the bridge across the Euphrates, built by Nitocris, were cramped by bands of iron set in lead. Thucydides says the blocks of the walls of the Pireus were fastened in the same way. Theseus, who ascended the throne of Athens 1235 B. C., was buried with a bronze sword and spear. Some have dated the use of iron in Greece at 1406 B. C., but Hesiod makes it later. Homer generally speaks of bronze arins, but mentions iron. We learn from the Iliad that at the time of the siege of Troy (1184 B. C.) iron was used in making axes, shipwrights' tools, axles for chariots, plowpoints, sheep-hooks, and some other agricultural implements. As the smith plunges the loud-hissing axe into cold water to temper it, for hence is the strength of iron, etc., shows clearly that the writer or compiler of the Odyssey, whom we are content to
1432 BC (search for this): chapter 9
, steel, and wrought-iron. The former two are compounds of iron and carbon, being carburets or carbides of iron. Cast-iron has the larger proportion of carbon in its composition. Wrought-iron is nearly pure iron, but it has generally some traces of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus. The less the better, but the two last are hard to eliminate. Iron was found, so says the chronicle, on Mount Ida, by the Dactyles, after the burning of the forest by lightning, at a period answering to our 1432 B. C. The Greeks claim the first discovery of it, of course. How many centuries it had been used in China, India, and Egypt can hardly be determined. Moses, who died 20 years before the era assigned, credits one with the inventio who had been dead 2,000 years when he, the great lawgiver, wrote. Chariots, axes, bedsteads, harrows, weapons of iron, are mentioned in Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the
1450 BC (search for this): chapter 9
axes, bedsteads, harrows, weapons of iron, are mentioned in Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the latter calls bright iron, probably steel. The same distinction is made by Hesiod (850 B. C.). Some doubts have been expressed as to the render- ing of the Hebrew passage which speaks of Tubal Cain as an artificer in iron, and the passage which speaks of the iron bedstead of Og, King of Bashan, about 1450 B. C. The Arundelian marbles place the use of iron in 1370 B. C., and other authorities go back to 1537 B. C. These corroborate the iron bedstead of Og. Extremes meet, and we have lately revived the use of the material first recorded as used for that purpose. Moses mentions an iron furnace 1490 B. C., and Job speaks of iron as taken out of the earth. Gold, silver, and copper, and alloys of the last, were, no doubt, used before iron, and it would be reasonable to expect that such would be the
1490 BC (search for this): chapter 9
. Moses, who died 20 years before the era assigned, credits one with the inventio who had been dead 2,000 years when he, the great lawgiver, wrote. Chariots, axes, bedsteads, harrows, weapons of iron, are mentioned in Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the latter calls bright iron, probably steel. The same distinction is made by Hesiod (850 B. C.). Some doubts have been expressed as to the render- ron in 1370 B. C., and other authorities go back to 1537 B. C. These corroborate the iron bedstead of Og. Extremes meet, and we have lately revived the use of the material first recorded as used for that purpose. Moses mentions an iron furnace 1490 B. C., and Job speaks of iron as taken out of the earth. Gold, silver, and copper, and alloys of the last, were, no doubt, used before iron, and it would be reasonable to expect that such would be the case, as they are so readily obtained by simpl
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