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Savannah (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
ould afford a wholesome solution to the negro problem. On December 21, 1864, when the Confederate commander, General Wm. J. Hardee, withdrew his troops from Savannah, Ga., and our forces thus finishing Sherman's march to the sea, in joyous triumph came into the city, I saw plainly enough that the white people were overwhelmed wiretary of War Stanton came in person from Washington to convey his grateful acknowledgment to General Sherman and his army for their late achievements. While at Savannah he examined into the condition of the liberated negroes found in that city. He assembled twenty of those who were deemed their leaders. Among them were barbers 1865, and visited several of them. At that time when with the advance of Sherman's Army I came to Beaufort, South Carolina, moving that way to the North from Savannah, many plantations near at hand and on the different sea islands, deserted by their owners, had been sold by the United States tax commissioners and tax titles gi
Alabama (Alabama, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
egistry of plantations, hire and compensation of labor, with a fair schedule of wages, penalties for idleness and crime, time and perquisites of labor, the poll tax of $2 per year, liens and security for work done, were carefully provided for by General Hurlbut's specific instructions. General Edward R. S. Canby, a little later, from Mobile, Ala., issued similar orders, and Mr. Conway was also placed over the freedmen's interests in his vicinity. Thus the whole freedmen's management for Alabama, Southern Mississippi, and Louisiana was concentrated under Mr. Conway's control. He reported early in 1865 that there were about twenty colored regiments in Louisiana under pay and that they could purchase every inch of confiscated and abandoned land in the hands of the Government in that State. All the soldiers desired to have the land on the expiration of enlistment. One regiment had in hand $50,000 for the purpose of buying five of the largest plantations on the Mississippi. It was
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
n is simply whether they shall be used for or against the Government of the United States. I shall hold these negroes as contraband of war. After that action theessing sight to see these poor creatures who had trusted to the arms of the United States, and who had aided the troops, thus obliged to flee from their houses, and ir attachment to the Union, have been driven or allowed to flee from the Confederate States. Butler would have had no doubt on this question had he not seen an ornated part of a State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free. This proclamation republis States concerned did not lay down their arms and submit to the laws of the United States before January 1, 1863, all the slaves would be free henceforth and forevern the different sea islands, deserted by their owners, had been sold by the United States tax commissioners and tax titles given to white immigrants from the North,
Ship Island (Mississippi, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
nd General John C. Fremont, in Missouri, August 31, 1861, attempted by public orders to confiscate the property of all citizens in rebellion and establish the freedom of their slaves. As this action was in advance of President and Congress on both subjects, that of confiscation and emancipation, Mr. Lincoln was obliged to modify Fremont's premature proclamation. This he did clearly and cautiously by an executive order prepared and issued by himself. Again, General J. W. Phelps, at Ship Island, in the winter of 1861 and 1862 issued an emancipation pronunciamento, which brought upon him severe newspaper and other censure. General David Hunter, later, May 9, 1862, from Hilton Head, declared in orders for the States of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina: That persons heretofore held as slaves are therefore declared forever free. The therefore was based on what appeared to him a self-evident proposition: Slavery and martial law in a free country were altogether incompatible.
Mobile, Ala. (Alabama, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
own general agent, Mr. Mellen. Mr. Thomas W. Conway was announced as Superintendent of home colonies, the word having a larger extension than before. A registry of plantations, hire and compensation of labor, with a fair schedule of wages, penalties for idleness and crime, time and perquisites of labor, the poll tax of $2 per year, liens and security for work done, were carefully provided for by General Hurlbut's specific instructions. General Edward R. S. Canby, a little later, from Mobile, Ala., issued similar orders, and Mr. Conway was also placed over the freedmen's interests in his vicinity. Thus the whole freedmen's management for Alabama, Southern Mississippi, and Louisiana was concentrated under Mr. Conway's control. He reported early in 1865 that there were about twenty colored regiments in Louisiana under pay and that they could purchase every inch of confiscated and abandoned land in the hands of the Government in that State. All the soldiers desired to have the lan
Arkansas (Arkansas, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
ny thousands of blacks of all ages, clad in rags, with no possessions except the nondescript bundles of all sizes which the adults carried on their backs, had come together at Norfolk, Hampton, Alexandria, and Washington. Sickness, want of food and shelter, sometimes resulting in crime, appealed to the sympathies of every feeling heart. Landless, homeless, helpless families in multitudes, including a proportion of wretched white people, were flocking northward from Tennessee and Kentucky, Arkansas and Missouri. They were, it is true, for a time not only relieved by army rations, spasmodically issued, but were met most kindly by various volunteer societies of the North-societies which gathered their means from churches and individuals at home and abroad. During the spring of 1863, many different groups and crowds of freedmen and refugees, regular and irregular, were located near the long and broken line of division between the armies of the North and South, ranging from Maryland
Maryland (Maryland, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
indeed nomadic, wandering wherever want drove or untutored inclination enticed them. They had drifted into nooks and corners like debris into sloughs and eddies; and were very soon to be found in varied, ill-conditioned masses, all the way from Maryland to Mexico, and from the Gulf to the Ohio River. An awful calamitous breaking — up of a thoroughly organized society; dark desolation lay in its wake. It was not the negroes alone who were so thoroughly shaken up and driven hither and thitherls at home and abroad. During the spring of 1863, many different groups and crowds of freedmen and refugees, regular and irregular, were located near the long and broken line of division between the armies of the North and South, ranging from Maryland to the Kansas border and along the coast from Norfolk, Va., to New Orleans, La. They were similar in character and condition to those already described. Their virtues, their vices, their poverty, their sicknesses, their labors, their idleness,
Maine (Maine, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
me a guard. My heart rebelled against using military force for such a purpose, and so I answered: No, no, I will not give you a guard. I will never use bayonets to drive a poor girl and child into bondage. I had reluctantly complied with the letter of the law and fancied that to be enough. Somehow that night, without my knowledge, the slave woman and her child found their way eastward to Alexandria and thence to Washington-thus she and her child became free. Two citizens from Maine, who were unqualified abolitionists, were that same day with me for a short time. They condemned my apparent hesitancy in strong terms. You should pay no attention whatever to such uncalled — for orders, they said. After that I was hopeful that I should have no more slave cases to deal with. But soon after this, there was led in a large, dark fellow, with the thickest of lips and the broadest of noses, whose utterance was hard for one uninitiated to understand. How did you get past
South Carolina (South Carolina, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
driven hither and thither by the storms of war. Those named in the South the poor whites, especially of the mountain regions of Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, were included. These had all along been greatly divided in their allegiance — some for the Union, and some for the Confederacy. Family and neighborhood fim severe newspaper and other censure. General David Hunter, later, May 9, 1862, from Hilton Head, declared in orders for the States of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina: That persons heretofore held as slaves are therefore declared forever free. The therefore was based on what appeared to him a self-evident proposition: Sl1, 1863, Mr. Lincoln's promised proclamation was issued. It exceeded the preliminary one in intrinsic force and immediate positive effect. On the coast of South Carolina our officers, under the Confiscation Act, had already enrolled large numbers of able-bodied fugitives as soldiers. Near one encampment were standing, scatter
Iowa (Iowa, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.12
t trouble because slave property was becoming of little value anywhere. Border loyalty became shaken when thousands of dollars' worth of human chattels disappeared in a night. For a time, as we have seen, a few commanders had returned their slaves to loyal owners. Early in 1862 an officer operating in Missouri, commanding an Iowa regiment, brought to his camp several fugitives through whom he had obtained valuable information. He asked for their freedom. But the owner came for them. The Iowa officer denied him and allowed the slaves to escape. In consequence the department commander, General Halleck, sent a detachment in pursuit of the negroes. They were overtaken; one of them was shot and the others returned to the owner; at the same time the Iowa officer was placed under arrest. This sharp action caused the matter to be speedily brought to Congress. In the midst of the discussion which followed the introduction of a Bill of Relief into Congress, in itself the excitant of
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