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Charles I. He or they must perish. If my head or the king's must fall, argued Cromwell, Chap. XI.} can I hesitate which to choose? By an act of violence the Independents seized on the king, and held him in their special custody. Now, said the exulting Cromwell, now that I have the king in my hands, I have the parliament in my pocket. At length the Presbyterian majority, sustained by the admirable eloquence of Prynne, attempted to dispense with the army, and by a decided vote resolved 1648 Dec. 5. to make peace with the king. To save its party from an entire defeat, the army interposed, and Dec 6. purged the house of commons. Hear us, said the excluded members to Colonel Pride, who expelled them. I cannot spare the time, replied the soldier. By what right are we arrested? demanded they of the extravagant Hugh Peters. By the right of the sword, answered the late envoy from Massachusetts. You are called, said he, as he preached to the decimated parliament, to lead the peopl
to forfeit the elective franchise. Could a milder course have been proposed? When, by experience, this engagement was found irksome to the Quakers, it was the next year repealed. Brinley, in Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 216—220; Holmes, i. 341. Compare, in reply, Eddy in Mass. Hist. Coll. XVII. 97; Knowles, 324, 325. Once, indeed, Rhode Island was betrayed into Chap. XI.} inconsistency. There had been great difficulties in collecting taxes, and towns had refused to pay their rates. In 1671, the general assembly passed a law, inflicting a severe penalty on any one who should speak in town-meeting against the payment of the assessments. The law lost to its advocates their reelection in the next year, the magistrates were 1672. selected from the people called Quakers, and freedom of debate was restored. George Fox himself was present among his Friends, demanding a double diligence in guards against oppression, and in the firm support of the good of the people. The instruction
after the patent arrived. I have carefully examined the records, and find that the people of Chap. XI.} Rhode Island, on accepting their charter, affirmed the great principle of intellectual liberty in its widest scope. The first assembly This appears from the R. I. Records, March, 1663—4. did little more than 1664. Mar. organize the government anew, and repeal all laws inconsistent with the charter—a repeal which precludes the possibility of the disfranchising of Roman Catholics. In May, the regular session was held, and religious May 5. freedom was established in the very words of the charter. Records. If Roman Catholics were disfranchised (which they were not) in March, 1663—4, that disfranchisement endured only two months. Compare Eddy, in Walsh's Appeal, 429, &c.; and Bull, in the R. I. Republican for Jan. 15, 1834.—Chalmers, 276; Douglass, II. 83. 104; British Dom. in America, II. 252; Brit. Empire, II. 148; Holmes, ,&c. &c. &c. are all but forms of the one single
wages of the chief justice were ten shillings a day while on service. In each county a magistrate acted as judge of probate, and the business was transacted with small expense to the fatherless. Trumbull. i. 452, 453. Education was always esteemed a concern of deepest interest, and there were common schools from the first. Nor was it long before a small college, such as the day of small things permitted, began to be established; and Yale owes its birth to ten worthy fathers, who, in 1700, assembled at Branford, and each one, laying a few volumes on a table, said, I give these books for the founding of a college in this colony. But the political education of the people is due to the happy organization of towns, which here, as indeed throughout all New England, constituted each separate settlement a little democracy of itself. It was the natural reproduction of the system, which the instinct of humanity had imperfectly revealed to our Anglo-Saxon ancestors. In the ancien
ntinued; its splendor was not yet forgotten; the new peerage, exposed to the contrast, excited ridicule without giving strength to Cromwell; the house of commons continually spurned at their power, and controverted their title. This last parlia- 1658, Feb. 4. ment was also dissolved. Unless Cromwell could exterminate the Catholics, convert the inflexible Presbyterians, chill the loyalty of the royalists, and corrupt the judgment of the republicans, he never could hope Chap. XI.} the cheerfuica, leaving John Clarke 165??? to 1664 as the agent of the colony in England. Never did a young commonwealth possess a more faithful friend; and never did a young people cherish a fonder desire for the enfranchisement of mind. Plead our case, 1658 Nov. 5. they had said to him in previous instructions, which Gorton and others had draughted, Ms. extracts from the records. The instructions are printed in Mass. Hist. Coll. XVII. 85—87. The document is of the highest interest; no learning
crease of population is the surest criterion of public happiness, Connecticut was long the happiest state in the world. Trumbull, i. 451, gives the number of inhabitants at 17,000, in 1713. There were, probably, as many as 17,000, and more, in 1688. Religion united with the pursuits of agriculture, to give to the land the aspect of salubrity. The domestic wars were discussions of knotty points in theology; the concerns of the parish, the merits of the minister, were the weightiest affairs; d by some latent motive of party to impair the merits of the illustrious dead, and envy the reputation of states. The laws of Rhode Island, which had been repeatedly revised by committees, were not published till after, not only the revolution of 1688, but the excitements consequent on the Hanoverian succession; and we find in the oldest printed copy now extant, I have seen none older than the edition of 1744. that Roman Catholics were excepted from the enjoyment of freedom of conscience. T
d the great principle of intellectual liberty in its widest scope. The first assembly This appears from the R. I. Records, March, 1663—4. did little more than 1664. Mar. organize the government anew, and repeal all laws inconsistent with the charter—a repeal which precludes the possibility of the disfranchising of Roman Cathoom of conscience, unlimited freedom of mind, was, from the first, the trophy of the Chap XI.} 1664 Baptists. What more shall we relate of Rhode Island in this 1664 early period? That it invented a new mode of voting, since each freeman was obliged to subscribe his name on the outside of his ballot? that, for a season, it di Chap. XI.} for the duke of Monmouth. The fine country from Connecticut River to Delaware Bay, tenanted by nearly ten thousand souls, in spite of the charter to 1664. Winthrop, and the possession of the Dutch, was, like part of Maine, given to the duke of York. The charter which secured a large and fertile province to William
igration; and if, as has often been said, the ratio of the increase of population is the surest criterion of public happiness, Connecticut was long the happiest state in the world. Trumbull, i. 451, gives the number of inhabitants at 17,000, in 1713. There were, probably, as many as 17,000, and more, in 1688. Religion united with the pursuits of agriculture, to give to the land the aspect of salubrity. The domestic wars were discussions of knotty points in theology; the concerns of the parirom the hills; salmon, in their season, not less than shad, from the rivers; and sugar from the trees of the forest. For a foreign market little was produced beside cattle; and in return for them but few foreign luxuries stole in. Even so late as 1713, the number of seamen did not exceed one hundred and twenty. Trumbull, i. 453. The soil had originally been justly divided, or held as common property in trust for the public, and for new comers. Forestalling was successfully resisted; the bro
ious freedom in a nook of a remote continent, could not appear dangerous; it might at once build up another rival to Massachusetts, and solve a curious problem in the history of man. The charter, therefore, which was delayed only by controversies 1663 July 8. about bounds, was at length perfected, and, with new principles, imbodied all that had been granted to Connecticut. Hazard, II. 612, &c.; anti also Knowles, App. G. The supreme power was committed—the rule continues to-day—to a governorears mission, had sustained himself by his own exertions and a mortgage on his estate; whose whole life was a continued exercise of benevolence, and who, at his death, be 1676. queathed all his possessions for the relief of the needy, Chap XI.} 1663. and the education of the young. Others have sought office to advance their fortunes; he, like Roger Williams, parted with his little means for the public good. He had powerful enemies in Massachusetts, and left a name without a spot. It requ
e most part, were farmers and the sons of farmers, resumed their places among the industrious classes of society; while the soldiers of the royalists were often found in the ranks of vagabonds and beggars. It was the troops of Cromwell that first, in the open field, broke the ranks of the royal squadrons; and the decisive victory 1644. July 2. of Marston Moor was won by the iron energy and valor of the godly saints whom he had enlisted. The final overthrow of the prospects of Charles in 1647. the field, marks the crisis of the struggle for the ascendant between the Presbyterians and Independents. Chap XI.} The former party had its organ in the parliament, the latter in the army, in which the Presbyterian commander had been surprised into a resignation by the self-denying ordinance, and the intrigues of Cromwell. As the duration of the parliament was unlimited, the Army refused to be disbanded; claiming to represent the interests of the people, and actually constituting the onl
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