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February 2nd (search for this): chapter 12
deric to Maltzan, 20 Jan., 1778; Elliot to Suffolk, 22 Feb., 1778, and Ibid., private and secret, of same date. Nevertheless the British cabinet persisted in seeking aid from Russia and the friendship of the king of Prussia. Suffolk to Elliot, 7 April, 1778. But from Petersburg Harris wrote: Chap. XI.} 1778. They never will be brought to subscribe to any stipulations in favor of our contest with the colonies. Our influence, never very high, has quite vanished. Harris to Suffolk, 2 Feb., to Sir I. Yorke, 1 May, 1778. Frederic relented so far as to allow a few recruits for the English army to pass through his dominions; and as a German prince he let it be known that he would save Hanover from French aggression; but proposals for closer relations with England were inflexibly declined. He is hostile, wrote Suffolk, Suffolk to Harris, 9 Jan., 1778. to that kingdom to whose liberal support in the last war he owes his present existence amongst the powers of Europe; and the Br
May 15th (search for this): chapter 12
and England. Their interference was desired by neither party; yet both France and England were unwilling to wound the self-love of either of them. Austria, though the nominal ally of France, excluded the question of American independence; on the contrary, Catharine, in whose esteem Fox and the English liberal party stood higher than the king and the ministry, inclined to propositions friendly to America. Maria Theresa, who truly loved peace, was the first to declare herself. On the fifteenth of May she wrote in her own hand to Charles the Third of Spain, in the hope still to be able to hold him back from war; and she sent a like letter to her soninlaw at Versailles. Kaunitz followed with formal proposals of mediation to France and England. In an autograph letter the king of Spain put aside the interference of the empress under the plea, that the Chap. XI.} 1779. June 16. conduct of England had made his acceptance of it inconsistent with his honor; and on the sixteenth of June,
June (search for this): chapter 12
ships to help in crossing the channel. Florida Blanca, who dared not dispute his unreasoning impatience, insisted on an immediate descent on England without regard to risk. Vergennes, on the other hand, held the landing of a French army in England to be rash, until a naval Chap. XI.} 1779. victory over the British should have won the dominion of the water. The fitting out of the expedition had been intrusted to Sartine, the marine minister, and to d'orvilliers, its commander. Early in June the French fleet of thirty-one ships of the line yielded to Spanish importunities; and, before they could be ready with men or provisions, put to sea from Brest; and yet they were obliged to wait off the coast of Spain for the Spaniards. After a great loss of time in the best season of the year, a junction was effected with more than twenty ships of war under the separate command of Count Gaston; and the combined fleet sailed for the British channel. Never before had so large a force been s
June 16th (search for this): chapter 12
ike letter to her soninlaw at Versailles. Kaunitz followed with formal proposals of mediation to France and England. In an autograph letter the king of Spain put aside the interference of the empress under the plea, that the Chap. XI.} 1779. June 16. conduct of England had made his acceptance of it inconsistent with his honor; and on the sixteenth of June, between twelve and one o'clock, his ambassador in London delivered to Lord Weymouth a declaration of war; but neither there nor in his msixteenth of June, between twelve and one o'clock, his ambassador in London delivered to Lord Weymouth a declaration of war; but neither there nor in his manifesto was there one word relating to the war in America. Now that Great Britain, without a single ally, was to confront Spain and France and the United States, no man showed more resoluteness than its king. He was impatient at the over-caution of his admirals, and sought to breathe his own courage into his ministers. Spain stood self-condemned; for an offer of mediation implies impartiality, and her declaration of war showed the malice of a pre-determined enemy. In reply to that declar
June 21st (search for this): chapter 12
though unrelenting in his purpose of reducing the colonies to obedience, owned that the man who should approve the taxing of them in connection with all its consequences was more fit for a madhouse than for a seat in parliament. On the twenty-first of June he summoned his min- June 21. isters to his library, On this interview of the king with his ministers, the authorities are: Maltzan to Frederic, 29 June, 1779; King to Lord North, 21 and 22 June, 1779; in Donne, II. 260, 262; Under-SecJune 21. isters to his library, On this interview of the king with his ministers, the authorities are: Maltzan to Frederic, 29 June, 1779; King to Lord North, 21 and 22 June, 1779; in Donne, II. 260, 262; Under-Secretary Knox, Considerations on the Present State of the Nation, 53; Letter to Jenkinson, 9, 10; Almon's Anecdotes, II. 102. and, at a table at which all were seated, he expressed to them in a speech of an hour and a half the dictates of his frequent and severe self-examination. Inviting the friends of Grenville to the support of the administration, he declared his unchanging resolution to carry on the war against America, France, and Spain. Before he would hear of any man's readiness to come
August 16th (search for this): chapter 12
Everything, wrote Marie Antoinette, depends on the present moment. Our fleets being united, we have a great superiority. They are in the channel, and I cannot think without a shudder that, from one moment to the next, our destiny will be decided. Marie Antoinette to Maria Theresa, Versailles, 6 Aug., 1779, Ihr Briefwechsel, herausgegeben von A. von Arneth, 296. The united fleet rode unmolested by the British: Sir Charles Hardy either did not, or would not see them. On the sixteenth of August they appeared Chap. XI.} 1779. Aug. 18. off Plymouth, but did not attack the town. After two idle days, a strong wind drove them to the west. Montmorin had written to Vergennes: I hope the Spanish marine will fight well; but I should like it better if the English, frightened at their number, would retreat to their own harbors without fighting. Montmorin to Vergennes, 30 March, 1779. When the gale had abated, the allies rallied, returned up the channel, and the British retreated
August 18th (search for this): chapter 12
on the present moment. Our fleets being united, we have a great superiority. They are in the channel, and I cannot think without a shudder that, from one moment to the next, our destiny will be decided. Marie Antoinette to Maria Theresa, Versailles, 6 Aug., 1779, Ihr Briefwechsel, herausgegeben von A. von Arneth, 296. The united fleet rode unmolested by the British: Sir Charles Hardy either did not, or would not see them. On the sixteenth of August they appeared Chap. XI.} 1779. Aug. 18. off Plymouth, but did not attack the town. After two idle days, a strong wind drove them to the west. Montmorin had written to Vergennes: I hope the Spanish marine will fight well; but I should like it better if the English, frightened at their number, would retreat to their own harbors without fighting. Montmorin to Vergennes, 30 March, 1779. When the gale had abated, the allies rallied, returned up the channel, and the British retreated before them. No harmony existed between the
September 21st (search for this): chapter 12
energy was displayed by Spain in her separate acts. As soon as the existence of war between that power and Great Britain was known at New Orleans, Galvez, the governor of Louisiana, drew together all the troops under his command to drive the British from the Mississippi. Their posts were protected by less than five hundred men; Lieutenant-Colonel Dickson, abandoning Manchac as untenable, sustained a siege of nine days at Baton Rouge, Remembrancer, 1780, i. 359-364. and on the twenty-first of September made an honor- Chap. XI.} 1779. able capitulation. The Spaniards planned the recovery of East Florida, prepared to take the posts of Pensacola and Mobile, and captured or expelled from Honduras the British logwood cutters. In Europe their first act was the siege of Gibraltar. Still more important were the consequences of the imperious manner in which Great Britain violated the maritime rights of neutrals, substituting its own will alike for its treaties and the law of nations
November 13th (search for this): chapter 12
America has done, but by making them so weak that they become precarious. The irreconcilable interests of the two peoples can but keep them in a continual state of rivalry and even of quarrel. It will be difficult for a king of Great Britain to hold the balance even; and, as the scale of England will be the best taken care of, the less-favored people will naturally tend to a complete secession. We have nothing better to do than tranquilly to watch the movement. Vergennes to Montmorin, 13 Nov. and 17 Dec., 1779. Greater energy was displayed by Spain in her separate acts. As soon as the existence of war between that power and Great Britain was known at New Orleans, Galvez, the governor of Louisiana, drew together all the troops under his command to drive the British from the Mississippi. Their posts were protected by less than five hundred men; Lieutenant-Colonel Dickson, abandoning Manchac as untenable, sustained a siege of nine days at Baton Rouge, Remembrancer, 1780, i
1762 AD (search for this): chapter 12
gainst aggression: they might purchase in his dominions munitions of war; and their merchants would be received in his ports on the same terms as the merchants of all other countries. Meantime the British ministry, abandoning the scheme of destroying Prussian influence at Petersburg, sought rather to propitiate Frederic, as the best means of gaining favor in Russia; and authorized its minister at Berlin to propose an alliance. But Frederic saw that the influence which had ruled England in 1762 was still paramount, and that the offers of friendship were insincere. I have no wish to dissemble, so he answered in January, 1778; whatever pains may be taken, I will never lend myself to an alliance with England. I am not like so many German princes, to be gained by money. My unalterable principle is, not to contract relations with a power which, like England in the last war, has once deceived me so unworthily. Frederic to Maltzan, 20 Jan., 1778; Elliot to Suffolk, 22 Feb., 1778, and
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