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1806 AD (search for this): chapter 15
site to the doorway. The reel is turned by a wheel on the axis which extends outside the wall of the oven. c. The traveling-apron oven is another form of continuously working oven. In Crumbie's oven, April 9, 1872, shelves are suspended from a series of traveling axles, which are connected by an endless chain of bars and caused to travel in an elliptical path, presenting the shelves consecutively at the oven door, as described just above. An endless-apron oven was patented by Deneale in 1806. d. An endless chain with suspended trays, traveling in a tall vertical flue, is shown in Jennison's patent, February 1, 1859. Rotary-health bake-oven. Rotary oven. e. The rotary hearth is a circular floor having a cogged rim or a stem with a gear-wheel upon it. Fig. 3445 is an illustration of the former, and Fig. 3446 of the latter. In each case, the floor for the bread is in a dome-roofed chamber, heated from the furnace beneath. The oven usually forms a part of the flue,
1813 AD (search for this): chapter 15
to correct the deformities of children, such as curved spine, club-foot, etc. See club-foot apparatus. Os′cil-lat-ing—cyl′in-der Steam—en′gine. （Steam.) A simple form of engine, in which the cylinder rocks on trunnions and the piston-rod connects directly to the crank. It was invented by James Watt, and was brought into use by Maudslay. Watt's model, made at Soho in 1763, was exhibited at the London Exhibition of 1851. Witty of Hull patented the oscillating cylinder in England in 1813. English patent, June 5. Goldsworth Gurney was in some way associated with the improvement of it, and has been credited with the invention. It was introduced by those two famous makers of marine and river engines, Maudslay and Field and Penn and Sons. This engine has a cylinder mounted on gudgeons or trunnions, generally near the middle of its length, on which it is capable of swaying to and fro through a small arc, so as to enable the piston-rod to follow the movements of the
1815 AD (search for this): chapter 15
utt, it displaces the oil, which passes by pipe b to the lower chamber of the filter which stands on the head of the butt. It thence passes through the perforated plate, a body of charcoal c, and a second perforated plate, to the upper chamber f, from whence it is discharged by the faucet. Impurities in the lower part of the filter are discharged by the faucet k. Oil-gas. Gas was distilled from oil by Dr. Henry in 1805; and from refuse oily and fatty matters by Taylor, and patented in 1815. The apparatus for the distillation of oil to obtain a permanent gas consists of a furnace a and retort b, the latter being charged with coke or brick, on whose heated surfaces the oil drips continuously from a reservoir. The retort is a cylindrical vessel with a luted cover, and the oil is supplied in graduated quantities through a pipe e from a copper reservoir c. The gas evolved passes by an eduction-pipe f to a cistern, where, after passing through water, it is led by a pipe to th
1819 AD (search for this): chapter 15
little above the floor of the smithy. Om-brom′e-ter. A rain-gage (which see). Omni-bus. 1. (Glass-making.) A sheet-iron cover for articles in a leer or annealing-arch, in order to protect them from drafts of air. 2. (Vehicle.) A large four-wheeled vehicle to carry passengers; the seats being usually arranged on each side, the passengers facing, and the door at the rear. Established in Paris by a decree of Louis XIV., 1662, and made to hold eight persons. Re-established, 1819. In England in 1829. Amsterdam, 1839. Om′ni-graph. A pantograph (which see). On′a-ger. An ancient military engine for hurling stones out of a cup-shaped receptacle. Ooze. A solution of tannin obtained by infusing or boiling oak-bark, sumac, catechu, or other tanninyielding vegetable. There are many ways of extracting the ooze: — 1. By cold water. 2. By hot water, steam being conducted to the vats. 3. By boiling, the spent or weak liquor from the pits being emp
1821 AD (search for this): chapter 15
achromatic and composed of several lenses, one being of flint-glass and the other or others of crownglass. See achromatic-lens ; lens ; telescope ; eye-glass ; field-glass. Ob-ject′ive. （Optics.) That lens or combination of lenses in a microscope or telescope which brings the image of an object to a focus in order to be viewed through the eye-piece. The object-glass. Though acromatic lenses had been applied to telescopes by Dollond near the middle of the eighteenth century, yet in 1821, according to Biot, opticians regarded the construction of a good achromatic microscope as an impossibility. In 1827 Professor Amici of Modena exhibited in England and Paris a horizontal microscope whose object-glass, of large aperture, was composed of three superimposed lenses. A microscope constructed by Chevalier, on Amici's plan, was awarded a silver medal. The theory of the subject was about this time investigated by Sir John Herschel, Professor Airy, and others, and, acting on th
1827 AD (search for this): chapter 15
ic-lens ; lens ; telescope ; eye-glass ; field-glass. Ob-ject′ive. （Optics.) That lens or combination of lenses in a microscope or telescope which brings the image of an object to a focus in order to be viewed through the eye-piece. The object-glass. Though acromatic lenses had been applied to telescopes by Dollond near the middle of the eighteenth century, yet in 1821, according to Biot, opticians regarded the construction of a good achromatic microscope as an impossibility. In 1827 Professor Amici of Modena exhibited in England and Paris a horizontal microscope whose object-glass, of large aperture, was composed of three superimposed lenses. A microscope constructed by Chevalier, on Amici's plan, was awarded a silver medal. The theory of the subject was about this time investigated by Sir John Herschel, Professor Airy, and others, and, acting on their theoretical views, Mr. Joseph Jackson Lister succeeded in effecting one of the greatest improvements in the manufact
1829 AD (search for this): chapter 15
r of the smithy. Om-brom′e-ter. A rain-gage (which see). Omni-bus. 1. (Glass-making.) A sheet-iron cover for articles in a leer or annealing-arch, in order to protect them from drafts of air. 2. (Vehicle.) A large four-wheeled vehicle to carry passengers; the seats being usually arranged on each side, the passengers facing, and the door at the rear. Established in Paris by a decree of Louis XIV., 1662, and made to hold eight persons. Re-established, 1819. In England in 1829. Amsterdam, 1839. Om′ni-graph. A pantograph (which see). On′a-ger. An ancient military engine for hurling stones out of a cup-shaped receptacle. Ooze. A solution of tannin obtained by infusing or boiling oak-bark, sumac, catechu, or other tanninyielding vegetable. There are many ways of extracting the ooze: — 1. By cold water. 2. By hot water, steam being conducted to the vats. 3. By boiling, the spent or weak liquor from the pits being employed. 4. By hydro
1833 AD (search for this): chapter 15
opolis. It is marked with the name of Osirtasen I., about 2100 B. C. Roman obelisks were also imported by Augustus and Caligula. Other obelisks are found at Constantinople, Paris, Arles, Florence, etc. The Egyptian obelisks are usually of granite, but there are two small ones in the British Museum made of basalt, and one at Philae of sandstone. The date of the Flaminian obelisk, which is covered with hieroglyphics, is supposed to be about 1600 B. C. The obelisk in Paris, erected in 1833, was brought from Luxor. It is 76 feet in hight. Of the needles of Cleopatra, so called, one is standing, 63 feet in hight, and the other is lying upon the ground. The mode of raising an obelisk seems to have been by tilting it from an inclined plane into a pit, at the bottom of which the pedestal was placed to receive it. A roller of wood was fastened at each side to the end of the obelisk, which enabled it to run down the wall opposite to the inclined plane to its proper position. — Wi
1834 AD (search for this): chapter 15
ngs. A larger and superior glass of similar appearance is used in military field service. (See field-glass.) It is sometimes provided with a diagonal object-glass having a mirror within the tube at an angle of 45° with its axis, so as to show objects without apparently being directed toward them. Op′e-ra-hat. A folding hat of felt, silk, or fur. The crush; to fold flatly under the arm. The cocked; the brim cocked up against the sidecrown. See G. Lloyd, English patent 4,900, 1834. J. T. Tyler, 12,442, 1849. Gibus, French patent, Fig. 17, Plate 22, Brevets d'inventions, Vol. III. Loi de '44. Ope-ram′e-ter. An attachment to a machine to indicate the number of rotations of a shaft. It consists of a train of gear-wheels and pinions inclosed in a box and connected to or moved by the rotating shaft. A finger on the dial-plate indicates the count. Operameters are used to count the revolutions of a shaft, axle, or wheel, the strokes of a piston, the copies fro
1839 AD (search for this): chapter 15
down the wall opposite to the inclined plane to its proper position. — Wilkinson. For a full description of the mode of moving and re-erecting an Egyptian obelisk, see the quarto L'Obelisque de Luxor, Histoire de sa translation á Paris, Paris, 1839. See also Cresy's Cyclopedia, ed. of 1865, pp. 38, 40; also pp. 1013-17. 2. A reference-mark in printing (+); also called a dagger. Ob′ject-find′er. （Optics.) A means of regis. tering the position of a microscopic object in a slide, sngers; the seats being usually arranged on each side, the passengers facing, and the door at the rear. Established in Paris by a decree of Louis XIV., 1662, and made to hold eight persons. Re-established, 1819. In England in 1829. Amsterdam, 1839. Om′ni-graph. A pantograph (which see). On′a-ger. An ancient military engine for hurling stones out of a cup-shaped receptacle. Ooze. A solution of tannin obtained by infusing or boiling oak-bark, sumac, catechu, or other t
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