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Norway (Norway) (search for this): chapter 13
ertain amount of carbon, but resisting the combination of the larger amount necessary to make castiron. Styria was not the only European country in which the simple furnace just described was used for smelting iron ore, for those of Sweden and Norway, 300 years ago, were of substantially the same character. The iron obtained from them was a spongy mass, which was drawn out at intervals by tongs, hammered gently and cautiously, and then more energetically, to press the particles of iron into arco Polo did not know that, and his services can hardly be exaggerated. The Arabs sailed by the compass during the Khalifate of Cordova, which lasted till A. D. 1237, when it was subdued by the Moors. An authority states that it was known in Norway previous to 1266. Dr. Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, states that P. Venutus brought a compass direct from China in 1260. See Klaproth's work on this subject, Paris, 1834; Sir Snow Harris's Rudimentary magnetism ; the researches of B
Wolverhampton (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 13
ts61.7 Cambridge, Mass.; double-cylinder. (Mean)67.2 In considering the above, it must be recollected that the quality of coal varies, and the bushel may vary in weight; calculations have unfortunately been made at 94, 100, and 112 pounds. See also compound engine ; duplex engine ; draining-engine ; pumping-engine. Cost of raising Water by Steam-Power. Gallons.Hight in feet.Cost.Coal per 2,240 lbs. East London Water-Works1,000,000100$3.00$2.52 Liverpool1,000,0001004.08 Wolverhampton1,000,0001008.401.80 Southwark1,000,0001002.882.40 Grand Junction1,000,0001005.523.84 Of the pumps for mining purposes may be cited, (1) the common lift-pump, made on a scale proportionate to its work, but in no essential respects differing from that in ordinary use. Its piston is a valved bucket, being perforated for the passage of the water. See lift-pump ; Cornish engine. （2.) A lifting-pump with a plunger; that is, one not perforated, but acting as the ordinary piston. T
Mount Ida, Ark. (Arkansas, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
Cantabria. We read that the architect Dinochares was employed by Ptolemy to roof a temple at Alexandria with magnet-stone, by means of which an iron image of his sister Arsinoe might remain perpetually suspended. Both the architect and the king died before the completion of the work. This was probably the original of the popular fable of the suspension of the coffin of Mahomet at Medina between two magnets. The name is derived by the imaginative Greeks from one Magnes, a shepherd on Mt. Ida, whose iron crook being casually laid against a block of magnetic iron became attached thereto, and directed attention to the mysterious attraction. Thales, B. C. 640, discoursed on amber and the magnet, and supposed them to be living because they had a moving force. From Eastern Asia has been handed down the knowledge of the directive force and declination of a freely suspended magnetic bar; from Phoenicia and Egypt the knowledge of chemical preparations (as glass, animal and vegetab
China (China) (search for this): chapter 13
show that the mariner's compass originated in China, and came thence through India and Arabia to Elow Sea. It then stretches along the coast of China, making a semicircular sweep to the west till mperor's throne and all government edifices in China are made to face the south, and the needle is nd, west to the right, east to the left. The Chinese character for north is two men turned back tokado from the court of Petsi in Corea. From China to India was in the natural order of trade, a of suspending the needle had been improved in China, by hanging it upon a silken thread instead ofsive and rich. The ore is also found in Peru, China, Hungary, Sweden, Japan, and Chili. In the ears subsequently, states that it was made of Chinese iron, which Buffon supposes was steel, but waore probably one of the white alloys for which China was and is so famous. Probably nearly allied latter in vogue at a very early period. The Chinese tam-kim, which is played by opening and closi[18 more...]
Honduras (Honduras) (search for this): chapter 13
silver has been mined from time immemorial in Spain at Almaden in the province of La Mancha. Dioscorides separated mercury from cinnabar. （Humboldt.) Pliny states that 700,000 pounds (of cinnabar?) were received yearly from that source, and that the Greeks received it from thence 800 years previously to the date at which he wrote (A. D. 70). (See amalgam.) It is now mined extensively at Idria, in the Schiefergebirge, and is found in Hungary, many parts of Germany, in China, Japan, Mexico, Honduras, Columbia, Peru, and California. The modes of obtaining mercury by the decomposition and distillation of cinnabar have been very imperfect and wasteful; and even at this day, with all the advantages of skill and capital, the actual product is but a small proportion of the amount obtained by a careful analysis. It is understood that in Europe the ores are heated upon open arches and the vapors condensed within brick chambers. For detailed description of the process and apparatus, we m
New York State (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
hed from the chain by a slider, and received in the trays. Match-making machines. Eight of these machines make 800 gross, 14,400 each, of matches daily. 600,000 feet of pine lumber, 250,000 feet of bass-wood for packing-cases, 300 barrels of brimstone, and 9,000 pounds of phosphorus are annually consumed. Making the splints is in general a separate branch of the manufacture, as they can be made cheaper by machinery on a larger scale. See match-splint machine. A factory in New York State uses annually 720,000 feet of pine for matches, and 400,000 feet of basswood (linn) for cases; of sulphur 400 barrels, and phosphorus 9,000 pounds. The daily consumption of paper is 500 pounds, and of pasteboard for large boxes 8,000 pounds weekly. The daily consumption of paste is produced from 66 pounds of flour, and the one cent stamps used daily foot up the amount of $1,440. Some matches are made without sulphur, thus avoiding the offensive smell of that mineral. A German compos
Solano (California, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
ear of axle Above Below Upon cutter-frame in front of axle. Independent of tongue. Principles of action. Showing modes of connecting the cutting apparatus with the frame. Showing (11, 12) modes of connection of the cutting apparatus with the frame; (13-20) modes of driving cutters. Showing (21) mode of driving cutter; (22-30) styles of cutters; (31-36) track-clearers. In Fig. 3247 a steam-engine is shown as adapted to operating the implement. In some parts of Solano County, California, where the grain and grass are very short, an apron is fitted under the sickle of the mower, which catches all the grass, and when full dumps it in piles. Grass and grain not over three inches in hight are thus secured, in some cases at the rate of a ton to an acre. The smallest description of mower is that for mowing lawns, which is pushed by the gardener so as to cut the grass before it is tramped. It weighs about 30 pounds and cuts a swath of 10 inches. The cylinder has s
Salmantica (Spain) (search for this): chapter 13
or ages, and is now actually helping forward. Next we recognize the map of Cosmas of Alexandria, known as Indico-plrustes. His map was made about A. D. 547, and was regarded as conclusive by the Fathers of the Church. So said the doctors of Salamanca, in 1486, to Columbus, who proposed to reach the east by sailing to the west. The geographer of the Church represented the earth as a plane twice as long as it was broad, embracing the Mediterranean and indented by the Red Sea, the Persian Gulo come down farther in order of time, we notice the representations of the eastern and western hemispheres, as depicted on the terrestrial globe of Martin Behaim, 1492. This may be taken as representing the state of geographic knowledge out of Salamanca and the cloisters. Africa had been circummavigated by Vasco da Gama; Asia is driven over to the eastward as far as Marco Polo is deemed to have gone in his months of weary travel. So large a proportion of the circumference of the earth was he
Stone Mill (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
ll.Runner-ball. Decorticator.Sand-crusher. Devil.Sand-pulverizer. Diamond-mortar.Saw-mill. Disintegrator.Sheller. Drug-mill.Shingle-mill. Edge-mill.Shingling-mill. Flatting-mill.Slitting-mill. Flint-mill.Smock-mill. Fulling-mill.Smoothing-mill. Gig-mill.Smut-mill. Grain-bruiser.Snuff-mill. Grain-huller.Sorghum-mill. Grinding-mill (varieties, see grinding-mill).Spice-mill. Spinning-mill. Grist-mill.Stamp-mill. Gunpowder-mill.Stamping-mill. Hand-mill.Steel-mill. Hominy-mill.Stone-mill. Horizontal mill.Sugar-mill. Huller.Sugar-cane mill. Indigo-mill.Throwing-mill. Kibbing-mill.Tide-mill. Lead-mill.Tread-mill. Linseed-mill.Turning-mill. Malaxator.Veneer-mill. Masticator.Warping-mill. Mill-wheel.Water-mill. Molding-mill.Wheat-huller. Mortar.White-lead mill. Mortar-mill.Windmill. Muller. Mill-bar. The rough bar, as drawn out by the puddler's rolls. As distinguished from merchant-bar. Mill′board. A stout pasteboard made of strong materials, such
Palermo (Italy) (search for this): chapter 13
rked, and with a projecting peg at the center. When used, its edge is turned toward the sun, so that the shadow of the peg falls upon the graduated periphery, and the distances of the point where it meets the latter from the horizontal an lowest points of the wheel respectively are the required altitude and zenith distance of the sun. Among celebrated instruments may be mentioned the mural circle made by Graham, for Halley, at Greenwich, and those made by Ramsden in 1788, for Piazzi, at Palermo, and one for Dublin. See graduating-instruments. The mural circle is so called because it is supported by means of a long axis passing into a wall. The mural circle of the National Observatory in Washington was made by Mr. William Simms of London. It is 5 feet in diameter, made of brass, and cast in a single piece. It is divided into spaces of 5′ each, upon a band of gold-inlaid on the rim and perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Placed at equal distances round the circle ar
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