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South Foreland (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 12
each series successively decreasing in diameter. The lantern is supported on a cylinder of boiler-iron resting on a platform at the top of the columns. Lighthouse at Trinity shoals. The following is a list of the electric lights in England and France, with the dates at which they were erected: Dungeness, January, 1862; Cape La Heve, France, South Light, December, 1863, North Light, November, 1866; Cape Grisnez, France, February, 1869; Souter Point, England, January, 1871; South Foreland, England, with two lights, January, 1872, in the first place in 1858 – 60 by Professor Holmes, and afterward England took the lead in this matter of the adaptation of electric illumination to lighthouse purposes. The Bishop rock light, Scilly Islands, the old Cassiterides of Herodotus, 145 feet high, cost £ 36,559. In the British Isles there are 357 shore lights and 47 floating lights. The French have 224 shore lights. The average annual expense in England of a shore light is £ 500; of a
Peru (Peru) (search for this): chapter 12
ton more uniform, by moderating its velocity at the end of the stroke. Lead-bath. A process for the extraction of gold or silver from comminuted ore by exposing it mechanically to molten lead, with which it forms an alloy. The subsequent separation is by cupellation or, with silver, by Pattinson's process. See infra. In reducing silver ores, the ancient Peruvians mixed them with galena or lead in portable ovens. It is still practiced in that country. Quicksilver was well known in Peru among the Incas, but was used to make the pigment vermilion, not to amalgamate the precious metals. Hawks writes, A. D. 1572, that the process of amalgamating silver ores with mercury is being substituted for melted lead. See amalgamator. In Bursile's English patent, February 12, 1853, the ore is treated with an amalgam formed by the union of quicksilver in a readily fusible alloy of lead and bismuth, or lead, bismuth, and tin. Lead-bath for precious ores. In Fuller's apparatus,
Plymouth (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 12
lighthouses were situated at Messina, Ostea, Ravenna, Puteoli, Caprea, Rhodes, Dover, the Thracian Bosphorus. The light in each was obtained by fires. During the Saxon rule in England, beacons were erected to direct navigation, and persons were appointed to keep them in order. The expense was defrayed by the county. Pitch boxes were made use of in the reign of Edward III. Lighthouses. The Eddystone lighthouse (b) is erected upon a rock of that name ten miles from shore, off Plymouth, England. A lighthouse was built on the spot, 1696-99, by Winstanley, who perished with it in a storm, November 27, 1703. Rebuilt of wood in a different form by Rudyard, 1706, and burnt 1755. Rebuilt by Smcaton of dovetailed and metal-bound granite blocks, 1757. The surface of the rock was irregular and inclined. It was cut into steps, the risers of which were notched so as to form dovetailed mortises for the similarly shaped blocks of the stones in the course which interlocked with it.
Holyhead (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 12
cylinders are 18 inches diameter and 24 inches stroke, the driving-wheels 8 feet in diameter, the heating surface of the fire-box 153 square feet. D is an express-engine designed by Crampton for the same road. It is adapted for the usual gage. For details of English locomotives, which differ considerably in construction from those used in the United States, the reader is referred to Colburn's Locomotive Engineering. The engines employed on the Irish mail-trains between London and Holyhead weigh 27 tons; the tenders 17 tons, carrying 2 tons of coke and 1,500 gallons of water. The cylinders are of 16 inches diameter and 24-inch stroke. The apparatus for feeding the fuel also provides for the combustion of the smoke. The engine is supplied with water while running, from a trough beneath the rails, from which the water is scooped up by the tank. The cost of a locomotive of this description is nearly pound 3,000. It is said that one of them has been known to run 130 miles i
Normandy (France) (search for this): chapter 12
m's book, A. D. 680, in an essay on character, occurs a simile from the art of figure-weaving, in which he refers to a web woven by shuttles, filled with threads of purple and many other colors, flying from side to side, and forming a variety of figures and images. A famous specimen of embroidery of this character is preserved in the Cathedral of Bayeaux. It is a piece of linen about 19 inches in width and 67 yards in length, containing the history of the conquest of England by William of Normandy. It is supposed to have been executed by Matilda, wife of William, and the ladies of her court. Its beauty is principally needlework. The annexed cut is from Erasmus's book, the Praise of Folly, and shows the lady of the house at her loom. The cloth-beam, shuttle, and harness are clearly shown. A Ladye at her loom. What need we name the sev'ral kinds of looms? Those delicate, to whose fair-colour'd threads Hang figur'd weights, whose various numbers guide The artist's hand:
Hamburg, Tenn. (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
be imprisoned in the chamber, to adapt the instrument to work in an atmosphere of any temperature, with a bubble of a normal size. Mr. Wurdemann was the first to hermetically seal a tube containing the chamber, previous to which time it was closed by glass plates, bladder, and glue. The most curious and delicate apparatus for leveling, in dividing and graduating instruments, and adapted for many other purposes, is the contact-level invented by Repsold, a celebrated instrument-maker of Hamburg. It is described on page 612, and room cannot be spared for duplicate descriptions. Mine-levels. 2. (Mining.) a. A horizontal gallery or passage in a mine. The workings at different depths are said to be at the different levels,—the 50 or 60 fathom level, and so on. b. An adit or drift forming a drain for water. A level which opens to the surface at the side of a valley is called a day-level, and forms a means of natural drainage without pumping. A drowned or blind level
Messana (Italy) (search for this): chapter 12
he harborentrance, opposite the promontory of Lochias, on which was the royal palace. Fires were kept lighted on the summit, and it was inscribed, King Ptolemy to the gods, the saviors, for the benefit of sailors. Sostratus carved his own name beneath and filled it with mortar, upon which Ptolemy's name was inscribed. In process of time the mortar scaled off and brought the name of the architect to the surface. The tower fell A. D. 1303. Other ancient lighthouses were situated at Messina, Ostea, Ravenna, Puteoli, Caprea, Rhodes, Dover, the Thracian Bosphorus. The light in each was obtained by fires. During the Saxon rule in England, beacons were erected to direct navigation, and persons were appointed to keep them in order. The expense was defrayed by the county. Pitch boxes were made use of in the reign of Edward III. Lighthouses. The Eddystone lighthouse (b) is erected upon a rock of that name ten miles from shore, off Plymouth, England. A lighthouse was buil
Palos (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
owledge of the usual rate of speed of vessels and an acquaintance with the effects produced by drift and set of the sea, but also with the sailing qualities of the particular vessel in which he happened to be. Medina lays down, as a general rule, that the most a ship advances in an hour is four miles, and with feebler breezes three, or even two. Columbus, in his journal, frequently refers to his disputes with his lieutenant, Pinson, in respect to the distance made by the fleet since leaving Palos, and speaks of making 8 miles per hour, double the speed referred to by Medina. He makes no mention of the log. When it was proposed, in 1495, to determine the Papal line of demarcation between the discoveries of the Spaniards and Portuguese, the distance sailed over was to be determined by the judgment of 20 very experienced mariners, who were to prick off on the chart the distance made by the ship every six hours, according to their estimation. In Pigafetta's journal of Magellan's voyag
Milan, Sullivan County, Missouri (Missouri, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
Eristratus in the time of Ptolemy, but their function was not understood. Aselli described them in his De Venis Lacteis, Milan, 1627. This work is remarkable as being the first anatomical work illustrated by colored plates. The arteries and veinss invention soon spread throughout Europe, and Leonardo da Vinci erected six of them at the junction of the two canals of Milan, 1497. The fall was 17 Milan brasso. (Milan brasso = 1.725 English feet. In 1188, Alberto Pitentino converted the MinMilan brasso. (Milan brasso = 1.725 English feet. In 1188, Alberto Pitentino converted the Mincio into a canal and restored it to its ancient course, from whence it had been diverted by the Romans in the time of Quintus Curtius Hostilius. Cresy dates the introduction of locks from the period of the building of this canal. It was a curious Milan brasso = 1.725 English feet. In 1188, Alberto Pitentino converted the Mincio into a canal and restored it to its ancient course, from whence it had been diverted by the Romans in the time of Quintus Curtius Hostilius. Cresy dates the introduction of locks from the period of the building of this canal. It was a curious contrivance called a conch, with a balance-lever and hanging gate, which somehow opened to allow the boats to pass. This was used at Governolo, to dam up the waters of the Mincio on the side of Mantua. It was probably a kind of sluice. See Cresy'
Bavaria (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 12
edimentary limestone from the upper beds of the Jurassic formation. Lithographic stones of various sizes and weights are now articles of commerce all over the world. They are obtained almost solely from the extensive quarries of Solenhofen, in Bavaria. France furnishes a very hard and dark blue stone, which is but little used. In Canada stone of good quality is said to exist, as also in Missouri; but little is known of either. The Bavarian stone occurs in nearly horizontal layers. When th of the highest order is Senefelder's indisputable right. Almost the only stone suitable for lithographic work is a compact, sedimentary limestone of a yellowish or bluish-gray color, which comes from the now celebrated Solenhofen quarries in Bavaria. Such stratified slabs of stone as separate naturally into layers of from two to five inches in thickness are fit for lithographic use. They are trimmed on the edges so as to give them a rectangular form, are ground by moving one upon another,
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