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ius, the commentator on Homer, remarks that papyrus had fallen into disuse. In 1178, we find several specimens of flax paper in Spain, and in the University of Riteln in Germany a document is preserved, signed by Adolphus, Count of Schaumberg, made from linen rags. A letter from Joinville to Louis X. of France, dated 1315, and written on paper made from rags, is yet extant. After this period the notices of paper and of paper-making become frequent. Linen paper is found in documents of 1241 (edict of Emperor Fred. II.) and 1300. The Arabian physician Abdollatiph, who visited Egypt in 1200, says that the mummy-cloths (linen) were habitually used to make wrapping-paper for the shop-keepers. The linen paper of the thirteenth century had the waterlines and water-mark. One specimen had a tower. The earliest manuscript on linen paper known to be English bears date fourteenth year of Edward III., 1320. The first water-mark, a ram's head, is found in a book of accounts belonging
April 18th, 1846 AD (search for this): chapter 16
pe-wheel could be acted on by a lever connected therewith, which took place when the pin inserted in the dial came in contact with a fixed hand thereon, when the circuit was again completed and the mechanism stopped: at this moment the figure was pushed into contact with a roll of paper, to which a movement at once rotary and upward was imparted by the clock-work. The message was thus imprinted upon the roll in a spiral line. House's printing-telegraph, patented in 1848, to date from April 18, 1846, has been extensively used in the United States. It consists of a composing-machine and a printing-machine at each station, the former of which is included in, and the latter distinct from, the circuit. The circuit commences in the battery of one station, passes along the line wire through the coil of an axial magnet to an insulated iron frame of the composing-machine of the next station, thence to a circuit-wheel revolving in this frame, enters a spring pressing on the edge of the
November 3rd, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 16
e end lap against the pastingroller, and at the same time turning it upward over the edge of the folding-blade, and then moving the bag forward between pressure-rollers, which join the pasted edges of the laps to the bag. In his patent of November 3, 1868, one edge of the sheet is pasted by means of a roller as it passes into the machine; then one of its sides is folded over a former, and over it is folded the pasted side. The bag so far formed is drawn off by rollers, by which it is passe,951,E. W. GoodaleSept. 12, 1865. 62,342,Kirk and HowlettFeb. 26, 1867. 64,537,G. L. JaegerMay 7, 1867. 70,601,E. B. OlmstedNov. 5, 1867. 74,190,James ArkellFeb. 11, 1868. 80,298,George H. MallaryJuly 28, 1868. 83,648,George H. MallaryNov. 3, 1868. 84,076,C. AmazeenNov. 17, 1868. 87,608,Joseph WellsMarch 9, 1869. 87,689,H. C. LockwoodMarch 9, 1869. 90,624,C. F. AnnanJune 1, 1869. 94,511,J. P. PultzSept. 7, 1869. 101,299,C. J. MoffattMarch 29, 1870. 104,169,H. LawJune 14, 1870. 1
November 24th, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 16
and the process is continued. From eight to ten charges are made before any refettling is required, and these heats are worked in a day of ten hours. See puddling-furnace. Mechanical Puddlers. Griffith1865 McCarty1852 Berard1867 Harrison1854 Bloomhall1872 Bennett1864 Heatley1873 Gove1858 Dormoy1869 Riley1873 Danes1873 Sellers1873 Wood1870 Heatley1869 Revolving Puddlers. BeadlestoneDec. 9, 1857 HeatonAug. 13, 1867 AllenApr. 14, 1868 YatesFeb. 23, 1869 DanksNov. 24, 1868 DanksOct. 20, 1869 YatesFeb. 23, 1869 See also patents to Boynton, Allen, Jenkins, Smith, 1871; Jackson, Goodrich, Richardson, et al., Davies, Post, 1872; Jones, Danks, 1873. Pud′dle-rolls. The first, or roughing, rolls of a rolling-mill. Invented by Henry Cort, England, and patented in 1783. The loop, or ball of puddled iron, after a preliminary forging, is drawn out by passing through the puddle-rolls, instead of being extended under the hammer. It is then a rough bar.
November 17th, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 16
across the bag near the bottom, while another forms a fold for the bottom lap. It then passes out between another pair of rollers, which dress the bottom fold of the bag into place. Jaeger's paper-bag machines. In Amazeen's machine, November 17, 1868, the paper, in passing into the machine from a mounted roll, has paste applied to its margin at one side, and is fed forward to toothed knives, which cut off a piece large enough to form a bag. The pasted and detached piece is then made to 62,342,Kirk and HowlettFeb. 26, 1867. 64,537,G. L. JaegerMay 7, 1867. 70,601,E. B. OlmstedNov. 5, 1867. 74,190,James ArkellFeb. 11, 1868. 80,298,George H. MallaryJuly 28, 1868. 83,648,George H. MallaryNov. 3, 1868. 84,076,C. AmazeenNov. 17, 1868. 87,608,Joseph WellsMarch 9, 1869. 87,689,H. C. LockwoodMarch 9, 1869. 90,624,C. F. AnnanJune 1, 1869. 94,511,J. P. PultzSept. 7, 1869. 101,299,C. J. MoffattMarch 29, 1870. 104,169,H. LawJune 14, 1870. 105,099,Lorton and DavisonJuly 5,
August, 1861 AD (search for this): chapter 16
s, for all practical purposes, the first successful photolithographic process, and has been used in the Crown-Lands Survey Office of Victoria since September, 1859, in the publication of maps. Substantially the same process is used in the Ordnance Survey Office of England. The duplication and copying of drawings for the United States Patent Office has been for some years performed by Osborne's process, and in accuracy and speed leaves nothing to be desired. 6. Hannaford of London, in August, 1861, suggested a transfer-process, which he never put in practice, but the essential features of which were subsequently patented in England by Toovey in 1864. A sheet of paper was to be prepared by a solution of gum and bichromate of potash, exposed under a negative, and then transferred damp to a stone, without previous inking The gum passed over to the stone on all portions corresponding to the opaque parts of the negative, and, as explained in the lithographic process, incapacitated the
, which has three tanks braced and stayed. Some have a single central tank or a tank over the trucks at each end, their aggregate capacity in either case being the same. See also oil-car; Oiltank. Pe-trole-um-fil′ter. One for removing dirt and foreign matter from petroleum. They are of several kinds. The tank with filtering material in a false bottom, which acts as a strainer. The centrifugal filter, which acts on a similar principle to the sugar-filter shown at Figs. 1213, 1214, page 514. The piston-filter, wherein the piston forces before it the foul matter, the oil escaping through the foraminous folds of the piston. Fig. 3657 is a piston-filter. The oil is admitted to the vessel A through the pipe C, and the filtering piston E is caused to descend: the impurities are forced downward by the piston and collect in the funnel-shaped false bottom M, while the pure oil passes through the piston, and, collecting above it, is drawn off by the cock K. The impuritie
xample, which has three tanks braced and stayed. Some have a single central tank or a tank over the trucks at each end, their aggregate capacity in either case being the same. See also oil-car; Oiltank. Pe-trole-um-fil′ter. One for removing dirt and foreign matter from petroleum. They are of several kinds. The tank with filtering material in a false bottom, which acts as a strainer. The centrifugal filter, which acts on a similar principle to the sugar-filter shown at Figs. 1213, 1214, page 514. The piston-filter, wherein the piston forces before it the foul matter, the oil escaping through the foraminous folds of the piston. Fig. 3657 is a piston-filter. The oil is admitted to the vessel A through the pipe C, and the filtering piston E is caused to descend: the impurities are forced downward by the piston and collect in the funnel-shaped false bottom M, while the pure oil passes through the piston, and, collecting above it, is drawn off by the cock K. The imp
December 8th, 1868 AD (search for this): chapter 16
pe. See also Kimball's patent, 1868. Press for articles of molded pulp In Smith's machine, 1868, the paper-pulp box is made by the sudden descent of a plunger into a perforated mold, which has a permanent perforated lining and removable bottom. The plunger is constructed to automatically admit air beneath its lower end just previous to its withdrawal from the cavity of the completed box or other hollow article. The bottom drops to discharge the molded box. Leclere's machine, December 8, 1868, is designed for the formation of hollow paper articles from paperpulp, and operates by employing over a pervious former a column of thin pulp, which in hight several times exceeds the hight of the article to be made. The pulp is condensed on the former and the water expelled therefrom against the atmospheric pressure by covering the pulp-covered former with a close vessel, and admitting air under pressure within the former. The paper is removed from the cap which received it from th
imating a peculiar form required, as in some of the examples, and the various qualities of iron are so disposed in the different parts of the pile as to bring them where a special quality is desirable. See also fagot; beam; iron, angle, pp. 1198, 1199. Piles for rolling into beams. 3. A series of plates, as of zinc and copper alternately, in an exciting solution. A voltaic pile. 4. A stack of arms. See stack. 5. A regular heap of shot or shells. 6. The reverse of a coin. The l negatives. b. A pneumatic device used to hold the plate during development. Plate-i′ron Gird′er. A girder made of wroughtiron plate, either rolled with flanges or built up of flat plates and angle-iron. See girder. See also pages 1198, 1199. Plate-leath′er. Wash-leather for rubbing and cleansing silver-plate and jewelry. Plat′en. (Printing.) The slab which acts in concert with the bed to give the impression. See printing-press. Plate-of-wind. (Music.) In
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