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Madrid (Spain) (search for this): chapter 5
screen with a hole cut through it was arranged at each end of the line, so that only one letter should be visible at a time. The operator at the transmitting station waited until the letter be wanted came opposite the hole in the screen and then made the signal, causing the divergence of the pith-balls at the instant that the same letter became visible to the observer at the other station through the aperture in his screen. Betancourt, in 1796, constructed a single-line telegraph between Madrid and Aranjuez, a distance of twenty-seven miles, in which the electricity was furnished by a battery of Leyden jars, and the reading effected by the divergence of pith-balls. It was not, however, until the discoveries of Volta, Galvani, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday, and Henry elucidated the properties of electricity de- veloped by the voltaic battery, that a practical, continuously working instrument was feasible. Following these discoveries came the practical instruments and codes of the no
Kent (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
pass each other, impressing a mark on a sheet of paper clamped to the are. See chronograph. E-lec′tro-blast′ing. Blasting by means of an electric or electro-magnetic battery, communicating through connecting wires with the charges of powder. It was first tried in blowing up the sunken hull of the Royal George, in 1839, by Colonel Pasley. In 1840 the plan was used in Boston Harbor by Captain Paris. In 1843, by Cubitt, for overthrowing a large section of Round-down Cliff, Kent, England, in making a portion of the Southeastern Railway. The mass dislodged weighed 400,000 tons. See blasting. E-lec′tro-chem′i-cal Tel′e-graph. A telegraph which records signals upon paper imbued with a chemical solution, which is discharged or caused to change color by electric action. Nicholson and Carlisle discovered, in 1800, that water was decomposed by the voltaic pile, hydrogen being evolved at the negative and oxygen at the positive end of the wire. Davy, afterwards Si
China (China) (search for this): chapter 5
ng article. The Egyptians and Etruscans had pottery at a date before the historic period. We know more of the former than of the latter at early periods. The resemblance of the Greek and Etrurian ceramic works is remarkable. Glazing came from China. Wedgwood's patents about 1762. See specific list under pottery and clay. Earth-plate. （Telegraphy.) A plate buried in the earth, or a system of gas or water pipes utilized for the purpose, connected with the terminal or return wire at which retain or acquire the required colors in baking. The tile is then scraped, smoothed, baked, and glazed. This tile is common in ancient and modern structures. The glazing came from the Arabs, who derived it from India, and primarily from China. En-ceinte. （Fortification.) The line of circumvallation; the space inclosed within the ramparts of a fortification. En-chased — work. Chased work in silver and gold smithing. See chasing. En-chasing. A form of engraving whi<
Fort Henry (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
determined. Berthollet used the slow combustion of phosphorus, dispensing with the application of artificial heat. Hope contrived a eudiometer in which a graduated tube containing a cubic inch of air was inverted into a phial containing the oxygen-absorbing solution. The apparatus, being tight, permitted the contents to be agitated. As gas was absorbed, water was admitted to the phial, and the rise of the liquid in the graduated tube indicated the amount of the gaseous remainder. Henry substituted a caoutchouc ball for the phial in Hope's instrument. Pepys made a number of technical improvements, which he considered insured accuracy, but certainly complicated the apparatus. Volta introduced an instrument which superseded the preceding. He determined the composition of the air by combustion with a known quantity of hydrogen gas. It is founded on the principle that when a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases is fired, one third of the diminution is owing to the
Somerset (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
on of Britain are occasionally disinterred in various parts of the country. The art of painting in enamel or with metalline colors, and fixing them by fire, was practiced by the Egyptians and Etruscans on pottery, and passed from them to the Greeks and Romans. Enameling was also practiced among the Chinese. Specimens of enameled work are yet extant of early British, Saxon, and Norman manufacture. An enameled jewel, made by order of Alfred the Great, A. D. 887, was discovered in Somersetshire, England, and is preserved at Oxford. An enameled gold cup was presented by King John to the corporation of Lynn, Norfolk, and is yet preserved. Luca della Robbia, born about 1410, applied tin enamel to pottery, and excelled in the art. Bernard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 15
London (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
e on this principle for playing the organ was exhibited in London. It was operated by means of a keyboard, and by enabling switch. A commutator. See Culley's Handbook of telegraphy, London, 1870, pp. 199-203. E-lec′tric Tel′e-graph. That fory, by the aid of the apparatus of the Royal Institution at London, the most powerful then in existence, proved by a series osystem of electro-telegraphy. In 1825, Mr. Sturgeon, of London, discovered that a soft iron bar, surrounded by a helix ofnt, have in general no provision for wheeled vehicles, and London before the great fire of 1666 was in much the same conditias they find it to modern needs. Elevated railways. London has solved the problem by brick viaducts and subterranean es are preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London. The Khasias, a people of the Himalayas, preserve the be cartouches of the Pharaohs are in many museums; those of London, Berlin, Paris, and the New York Historical Society, for i
Lynn (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
th metalline colors, and fixing them by fire, was practiced by the Egyptians and Etruscans on pottery, and passed from them to the Greeks and Romans. Enameling was also practiced among the Chinese. Specimens of enameled work are yet extant of early British, Saxon, and Norman manufacture. An enameled jewel, made by order of Alfred the Great, A. D. 887, was discovered in Somersetshire, England, and is preserved at Oxford. An enameled gold cup was presented by King John to the corporation of Lynn, Norfolk, and is yet preserved. Luca della Robbia, born about 1410, applied tin enamel to pottery, and excelled in the art. Bernard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 1589, in prison, for consciencea sake. John Petitot, of Geneva (1607 – 91), is regarded as one of the first to ex
Jeddoe (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
ecially on Broadway, have perhaps given the greatest stimulus to invention in this line, and the question of elevated railway versus subterranean railway has been very thoroughly debated. The capitals and other large cities of the world were not originally laid out for the modern means of locomotion. We see in the cities of Asia the condition which formerly existed in European towns, — narrow streets without sidewalks, adapted for pedestrians, equestrians, pack-animals, and sedanchairs. Jeddo, Macao, and other Asiatic cities where the natives are yet dominant, have in general no provision for wheeled vehicles, and London before the great fire of 1666 was in much the same condition. The foot-traveler was jostled by the horseman, and stood on one side to let the train of packanimals go by, just as the modern traveler resigns the road in favor of the loaded camel or the ambling donkey in the streets of Alexandria. The sedanchair of England and the palanquin of Constantinople were
Derby (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
hese strips are then covered with cotton or silk, and woven in an endless web. See caoutchouc. E-las′tic-fab′ric loom. One having mechanical devices for stretching the rubber threads or shirrs, and holding them at a positive tension while the fabric is woven. E-las′tic goods. Those having elastic cords, called shirrs, inserted in a fabric or between two thicknesses. E-las′tic mold. Elastic molds of glue for taking casts of undercut objects were invented by Douglas Fox, Derby, England. The body to be molded is oiled and secured about an inch above the surface of a board, and is then surrounded by a wall of clay rather higher than itself, and about an inch distant from its periphery. Into this, warm melted glue, just fluid enough to run, is poured, completely enveloping the object. When cold, the clay wall is removed, and the mold delivered by cutting it into as many pieces as are required, either with a sharp knife or by threads previously placed in proper situa
Cheshunt (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
side of the carriage, which travels upon a pair of grooved wheels D. The track K is supported on the pillars. The wheels are placed one before the other, and the axles are extended laterally so as to support the boxes by the suspension-rods I. The center of gravity of the loaded boxes is below the level of the rail. Barnum's elevated Railway. The carriages are hooked together, and are drawn by horses and a towing-rope. A railway on this principle was constructed in 1825 at Cheshunt, in England, and used for conveying bricks across the marshes to the river Lea, where they were shipped. Fisher's English patent, 1825, in the same figure, shows a suspended carriage between two lines of rail. In the figure, the bar a with rail-flanges b b is shown suspended by rods from a catenary chain, which is supposed to be spanning a river or deep gulley. The carriage f has two pairs of wheels which traverse upon the flanges b b, and support the bar h from which is suspended the fr
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