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Calcutta (West Bengal, India) (search for this): chapter 12
n England, but no conductor has been contrived to be carried on the person, though it has been often suggested. The risk is so small, numerically considered, that it is not probable any great proportion of the inhabitants of any country will make special provision for avoiding the danger. Professor Arago classed several well-known sites according to the frequency of their storms, from the best information he could obtain. His list begins as follows: — Days of Thunder per Year. 1. Calcutta averages60 2. Patna (India) supposed to average53 3. Rio Janeiro averages50.6 4. Maryland (U. S.) supposed to average41 5. Martinique averages39 6. Abyssinia supposed to average38 7. Guadaloupe averages37 8. Viviers (France) averages24.7 9. Quebec averages23.3 10. Buenos Ayres averages22.5 11. Denainvilliers (France) averages20.6 The lowest average he gives is that of Cairo in Egypt, three days of thunder per annum. That of Paris and most of the European cities is about
Landau (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany) (search for this): chapter 12
at which intervenes between the furrows. 2. (Agriculture.) The unplowed portion of a field as distinguished from the furrow and the plowed portion. 3. (Fire-arms.) That portion of the bore of a rifle which is not occupied by the grooves. 4. (Steam-engine.) The unperforated portion of the face-plate of a slide-valve. 5. (Nautical.) The lap of the strakes in a clincher-built boat. Also called landing. Lan′dau. （Vehicle.) A carriage with a folding top, called from Landau in Germany, where they were originally made. Lan-dau-let′. A chariot opening at top. Land′ing. 1. A pier, wharf, or jetty, for disembarking passengers. 2. The platform of a railway station. 3. The platform of a furnace at the charging hight. 4. A level space at the top of a flight of stairs. Land′ing-strake. （Nautical.) The upper strake but one, of a boat. Land-marker. Land-mark′er. A machine for laying out rows for planting. In the example, the
Plank (Pennsylvania, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
o escape slowly from said chamber while the temperature is reduced therein. Davis and Symington's lumber-dryer, English patent, 1843, acts by means of a heated blast upon lumber or wooden articles placed in a chamber through which the blast is driven. By their process, — Mahogany is reduced in weight24.4 per cent. Pine is reduced in weight34.5 per cent. Fir is reduced in weight12.5 per cent. Lum′ber-kiln. A heated chamber for artificially drying lumber. See lumber-dryer. Plank should never be allowed to remain undisturbed until it seasons; but should all be handled over and repiled from time to time, removing the sticks from their former positions. The planks should be turned over, especially if they have become bilged. Two to six years are required to season timber, according to its size. It can be seasoned more quickly if it be steamed, but excess in steaming kills the elasticity of the timber. Too rapid kiln-drying evaporates the surface moisture too rapi
Hudson (New Jersey, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
are prepared from the dust and other refuse, ground fine and mixed with a kind of fine clay and water, into a paste which is placed in a receiver having an orifice at bottom, of the size and shape of the core. This is cut into proper lengths, straightened, dried at a moderate heat, and afterward baked in close crucibles, when they are ready for insertion into the cases. See graphite. America now makes its own pencils. See description of the method pursued at the Dixon Pencil Works, Jersey City, under pencil. Lead—pipe. The use of lead-pipes for conducting water is very ancient. Those of the Romans, used in their aqueducts, were made out of sheets 10 feet long, and a width proportioned to the diameter required, and averaging about 15 pounds to the square foot. The lead was brought from Britain, and beaten into sheets by heavy hammers. — Pliny. Lead-pipe making. A sheet 100 inches wide made a pipe weighing 120 pounds to the foot; and would be about 30 inches diamet
Ins (Switzerland) (search for this): chapter 12
Diam.Thickn's.Weight.Internal Diam.Thickn'sWeight.Internal Diam.Thickn'sWeight. Ins.Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 3/8.1211.142.52 1/23/168 3/8.161.251.173.252 1/21/411 3/8.191.51.2142 1/25/1614 1/2.07.05451.244.752 1/23/817 1/2.09.751 1/4.10233/169 1/2.1111 1/4.122.531/412Ins.Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 3/8.1211.142.52 1/23/168 3/8.161.251.173.252 1/21/411 3/8.191.51.2142 1/25/1614 1/2.07.05451.244.752 1/23/817 1/2.09.751 1/4.10233/169 1/2.1111 1/4.122.531/412 1/2.131.251 1/4.14335/1616 1/2.161.751 1/4.163.7533/820 1/2.1921 1/4.194.753 1/23/1612.5 5/8.08.07271 1/4.2563 1/21/415 5/8.0911 1/2.143.53 1/25/1618.5 5/8.13Ins.Lbs.Ins.Ins.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 3/8.1211.142.52 1/23/168 3/8.161.251.173.252 1/21/411 3/8.191.51.2142 1/25/1614 1/2.07.05451.244.752 1/23/817 1/2.09.751 1/4.10233/169 1/2.1111 1/4.122.531/412 1/2.131.251 1/4.14335/1616 1/2.161.751 1/4.163.7533/820 1/2.1921 1/4.194.753 1/23/1612.5 5/8.08.07271 1/4.2563 1/21/415 5/8.0911 1/2.143.53 1/25/1618.5 5/8.131.51 1/2.174.253 1/23/822 5/8.1621 1/2.19543/1612 5/8.202.51 1/2.236.541/416 5/8.222.751 1/2.27845/1621 3/4.08.09691 3/4.13443/825 3/4.101.251 3/4.1754 1/23/161Ins.Ins.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 3/8.1211.142.52 1/23/168 3/8.161.251.173.252 1/21/411 3/8.191.51.2142 1/25/1614 1/2.07.05451.244.752 1/23/817 1/2.09.751 1/4.10233/169 1/2.1111 1/4.122.531/412 1/2.131.251 1/4.14335/1616 1/2.161.751 1/4.163.7533/820 1/2.1921 1/4.194.753 1/23/1612.5 5/8.08.07271 1/4.2563 1/21/415 5/8.0911 1/2.143.53 1/25/1618.5 5/8.131.51 1/2.174.253 1/23/822 5/8.1621 1/2.19543/1612 5/8.202.51 1/2.236.541/416 5/8.222.751 1/2.27845/1621 3/4.08.09691 3/4.13443/825 3/4.101.251 3/4.1754 1/23/1614 3/4.121.751 3/4.216.54 1/21/418 3/4.162.251 3/4.278.551/420 3/4.2032.154.7553/831 3/4.233.52.186 Lead—pipe Tin′ning. The first attempts in this directioIns.Lbs. 3/8.06.04241.101.52.227 3/8.08.6251.1122.279 3/8.1211.142.52 1/23/168 3/8.161.251.173.252 1/21/411 3/8.191.51.2142 1/25/1614 1/2.07.05451.244.752 1/23/817 1/2.09.751 1/4.10233/169 1/2.1111 1/4.122.531/412 1/2.131.251 1/4.14335/1616 1/2.161.751 1/4.163.7533/820 1/2.1921 1/4.194.753 1/23/1612.5 5/8.08.07271 1/4.2563 1/21/415 5/8.0911 1/2.143.53 1/25/1618.5 5/8.131.51 1/2.174.253 1/23/822 5/8.1621 1/2.19543/1612 5/8.202.51 1/2.236.541/416 5/8.222.751 1/2.27845/1621 3/4.08.09691 3/4.13443/825 3/4.101.251 3/4.1754 1/23/1614 3/4.121.751 3/4.216.54 1/21/418 3/4.162.251 3/4.278.551/420 3/4.2032.154.7553/831 3/4.233.52.186 Lead—pipe Tin′ning. The first attempts in this direction were by Alderson in England, who patented his invention in 1804, which consisted in putting an interior casing of tin pipe within the leaden one. Dobbs, in 182
Rochester (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
and trousers of leather. Leathern helmets, cuirasses, belts, shirts, and buskins were common among the nations in the motley army of Xerxes. The Libyans wore dresses of leather. The Paphlagonians leathern buskins and helmets. The Gordian knot was of leathern thongs, and was summarily cut about 330 B. C. Alum was used in tawing leather by the Saracens. We do not recollect any account of human hide leather, but as raw-hide or parchment it has been utilized. The doors of Rochester (England) Cathedral were formerly covered with the skins of Danish pirates. The same is reported of the doors of the churches of Hadstock and Copford, Essex, England. In the case of the Hadstock church, the microscope has determined the truth of the tradition, for a portion having been removed and tested, it proved to be the skin of a fair-haired person. Upon the north doors of the cathedral at Worcester was formerly nailed the skin of a person who had sacrilegiously robbed the high altar.
Chester (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 12
s m m to the chamber, until it is even with the water of the upper level; the upper gates are then opened and the boat floated out. In descending, the boat is floated into the full chamber, the upper gates closed; the water in the chamber allowed to pass from the latter by the conduits n n to the lower level, until the level of the water on each side of the lower gates is even, when they are opened and the boat floated out. The Ellesmere and Chester Canal, England, crosses a quicksand in Cheshire, at which place cast-iron locks and lock-gates were made. The locks (B C) rise 17 feet, are founded upon piles, and formed of cast-iron plates and girders. The leaves of the gates have cast-iron heads, heels, and ribs, in separate pieces with flanges, which are fastened together with nuts and screws; the whole is covered with wooden planking. The docks and gates are stated to have given good satisfaction. The complete canal-lock was invented by Dionisio and Pietro Domenico in 1481, co
Europe (search for this): chapter 12
ductions of the country. d c f are ancient European lamps. The Egyptians, according to Clemensd men-at-arms who formed the main strength of European armies; it was gradually superseded by the inradually led to the disuse of the lance in Western Europe, though it continued in use among the Polee introduced into all or most of the armies of Europe. The lances now in use among the European cd this is a comparatively modern ingredient in Europe. See sugar. Length′en-ing-bar. An exte, whoever he was. The use of linen paper in Europe appears to have originated in Germany, about tThis press, though by no means identical with European machines of the same class, may be regarded a yet survive on the cathedrals and churches of Europe, and on the plate and muniment chests of the ogates. This invention soon spread throughout Europe, and Leonardo da Vinci erected six of them at al.) A light Chinese coaster having a hull of European model and Chinese masting and rigging. Lor[4 more...]
Saint Marks (Kansas, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
other, but iron is the material usually employed. The alleged improvements since its invention by Dr. Franklin are innumerable; most of these are, however, worthless, or of a trifling and unimportant character. The first lightning-rod erected with a definite purpose of protection was put up by Benjamin Franklin soon after 1752, when he brought down electricity from a thunder-cloud. The first in England was set up at Payne's Hill, by Dr. Watson. In 1766 one was placed on the tower of St. Mark at Venice; it has since escaped injury, though previously it had been frequently struck by lightning. Great opposition was at first raised against the invention, and the charges of impiety were revived; but the centuries were exploding these notions, and Franklin held his ground. After the theory was admitted, a curious war arose. Knobs against points. Benjamin Franklin said points; but as he was a rebel, King George III. and his admirers of course declared for knobs. Franklin, who co
Buenos Ayres (Arizona, United States) (search for this): chapter 12
. Professor Arago classed several well-known sites according to the frequency of their storms, from the best information he could obtain. His list begins as follows: — Days of Thunder per Year. 1. Calcutta averages60 2. Patna (India) supposed to average53 3. Rio Janeiro averages50.6 4. Maryland (U. S.) supposed to average41 5. Martinique averages39 6. Abyssinia supposed to average38 7. Guadaloupe averages37 8. Viviers (France) averages24.7 9. Quebec averages23.3 10. Buenos Ayres averages22.5 11. Denainvilliers (France) averages20.6 The lowest average he gives is that of Cairo in Egypt, three days of thunder per annum. That of Paris and most of the European cities is about fifteen days. He estimates the days of thunder at New York to be about the same. Lightning rods, points, and Attachements. Fig. 2954 exhibits some of the numerous variety of rods for which patents have been secured in the United States. a has a series of points formed of spiral
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